Volume 5, Issue 1 (June 2019)                   Elderly Health Journal 2019, 5(1): 58-64 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Vafaeenasab M R, Kuchakinejad Meybodi N, fallah H R, Morowatisharifabad M A, Namayandeh S M, Beigomi A. The Effect of Lower Limb Resistance Exercise with Elastic Band on Balance, Walking Speed, and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women. Elderly Health Journal 2019; 5 (1) :58-64
URL: http://ehj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.html
The Effect of Lower Limb Resistance Exercise with Elastic Band on Balance, Walking Speed, and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women
Mohammad Reza Vafaeenasab , Najme Kuchakinejad Meybodi , Hamid Reza Fallah , Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad * , Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh , Alireza Beigomi
Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran , morowatisharif@yahoo.com
Keywords: Aged, Resistance, Exercises, Balance
Full-Text [PDF 194 kb]   (2041 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (3412 Views)
Full-Text:   (2236 Views)
The Effect of Lower Limb Resistance Exercise with Elastic Band on Balance, Walking Speed, and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women
 
Mohammad Reza Vafaeenasab 1, Najme Kuchakinejad Meybodi 1,2, Hamid Reza Fallah 3, Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad*1,2, Seyeseh Mahdieh Namayandeh 4, Alireza Beigomi 5
 
1. Aging Health Department, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
2. Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3. Physical Education Department, Faculty of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
5. SABA Healthy Institute, Yazd, Iran
 
Article history
Received 22 Jul 2018
Accepted 29 Apr 2019

A B S T R A C T

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week resistance exercise program on balance, walking speed, and muscle strength in elderly women.
 
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed on 50 elderly women aged 60-66 years who were assigned to two groups of experimental and control. The Time Up and Go test, was used to measure dynamic balance, Romberg's test was used to measure static balance, and the 10 Meter Walk Test was used to measure walking speed, and the 30 Second Chair Stand test was used to measure muscle strength. Paired t-test and independent t-test was used for comparing balance time before and after the exercise program.
 
Results: The mean duration of static balance increased in the experimental group from 21.64 ± 10.98 before exercise to 28.20 ± 13.47 after exercise (p < 0.001). The mean duration of Up and Go Time decreased from 12.88 ± 1.45 seconds before exercise to 10.80 ± 1.80 seconds after exercise (p < 0.001). Ten-meter walking time in the experimental group decreased from 1.15 ± 0.1 seconds before exercise to 1.00 ± 0.11 seconds after exercise (p < 0.001) and muscle strength in the experimental group increased from 7.8 ± 1 before exercise to 9.56 ± 1.71 after exercise (p < 0.001).
 
Conclusion: Lower limb resistance exercises with elastic band improve static and dynamic balance and also walking speed, which possibly improve muscle strength. It is recommended that these exercises be considered in developing the elderly women's health care programs due to their accessibility, affordability, and reliability.

Keywords: Aged, Resistance, Exercises, Balance.

   Copyright © 2019 Elderly Health Journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cite.


Introduction
 
    Physical activity and exercise are among the methods used to prevent, delay, and treat the problems due to ageing (1). As age increases, height fluctuations increase, which is more evident in women (2). Despite the benefits of physical activity in the elderly in the United States, 85% of elderly women and 70% of elderly men do not participate in regular physical activity (3). Studies in Iran have also shown that over 80% of the elderly are physically inactive; and 30% of the participants do not have a specific exercise program and also do not want to participate in the exercise program (4).
    Benefits of resistance training include increased bone and muscle mass, muscle strength, flexibility, and dynamic balance (5). Balance is one of the basic needs for everyday activities that play an important role in static and dynamic activities (6). In the elderly, age-related changes affect their balance. These changes also affect the sensory and motor systems responsible for maintaining balance (7). Researchers have identified, among other reasons, the weakness of the lower limb muscles and, consequently, the reduction of balance as the main causes of falls among older adults (8, 9). Reduced muscle strength and balance of the elderly leads to a decrease in walking ability, which leads to falls (10). In Iran, 12% of every 8,000 traumatized people admitted to hospitals are elderly people aged 60 or older, and 70% suffer from fall injuries (11). Physical activity aimed at increasing balance improves balance, walking, and muscle strength and, in some cases, decreases the incidence of falls (12).
    Muscle strength is one of the effective factors in maintaining balance. Its level in the curve is horizontal up to 50 years of age and then declines, so that in the mid-60s, muscle strength decreases dramatically (13). As age increases, due to inactivity and obesity, muscle volume may be reduced due to the reduction of proteins and muscle tears, so the balance is directly affected by muscle strength (14). Research findings have shown that with decreasing muscle mass, an age-related decrease in skeletal muscle strength is observed (15). Sensory receptors in the leg muscles provide a lot of sensory data for body stability, which is likely to be the main components of balance (16).
    Another aspect of walking that can be affected by age is the walking speed, so that after seven decades of life, walking speeds drop by about 12% - 16% per every decade (17). On the other hand, there is an association between muscle weakness of ankle and falls risk during walking and movement (18). Performing age-appropriate physical activity for 20 minutes per session, three times a week, improves muscle strength and functional strength (3).   
    Exercise interventions such as elastic band strength exercises are reported to improve the strength and ability to maintain a balanced lower limb, and can reduce excessive load on the inner side of knee and reduce the risk of progression of structural damage in the elderly. Therefore, exercise is useful for this age group (19). Weight training or the use of resistance devices in sports facilities and in older people, the use of lighter weights and elastic bands are examples of resistance exercises (20). According to Sidaway and Trzaska, the methods used by specialist people to improve muscle strength include weight resistance exercises, elastic bands and isotonic devices (21). Elastic band exercises have been reported to be risk-free tools for improving musculoskeletal system, improving muscle strength, and enhancing ability to perform functional tasks in the elderly (22). Almost all exercises that are performed with elastic band can be done at different places while walking, traveling, and everywhere else and there is no need for tools and equipment (23). Nowadays, resistance exercises using elastic band is widely used for the rehabilitation of disorders and sports injuries because of their low cost and simplicity (24). These bands are usually made of plastic material in sheets and their coloring shows their strength levels. The force generated by the elastic band is directly proportional to its length. By changing the thickness and length of these bands, their resistance levels can be increased or decreased (25). Generally, elastic band strength exercise improves balance, walking ability, flexibility (26), strength, mobility, and performance and also relieves joint pain (27). Chen et al. have suggested that elastic bands are a cheap alternative to weight machines, because their use has a significant effect, when compared to other resistance exercises, with respect to adjustment, body composition, or improvement of balance, pain, and muscle strength and, unlike traditional elastic devices, allows easy exercise in both the upper and lower extremities, at any location, and provides a greater range of movements in the muscles, with both concentric and eccentric contractions (28).
    Despite the potential benefits of resistance exercises for rehabilitation, few studies have been conducted on the effect of resistance training with elastic band in maintaining the balance and strength of the elderly’s muscles, especially in women. Since female elderly are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis and loss of balance, to fall and consequently experience the fracture of the lower extremities and spinal cord, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lower limb resistance exercise with elastic band on balance, walking speed, and muscle strength in elderly women.
 
Methods
Study procedure
    This randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 60 healthy elderly women aged 60 - 66 (mean age: 63.22 ± 1.88) years old at Center of the Cultural Community, Meybod district, Yazd province, Iran. After completing the consent form, the elderly women who were eligible to enter the study, were assigned to two groups: intervention (n : 30) and control (n : 30). Randomization was done by convenience method using a lottery. Before the beginning of the study, all inclusion and exclusion criteria were confirmed by a physician, and the control group was asked to continue their daily activities.
    The inclusion criteria were: attaining a score of at least 25 on The Mini–Mental State Examination, being female and aged at least 60 years, being able to walk alone, and not suffering from any central nervous system disorders, visual impairment, and acute hearing loss so that the women could perform exercises, not taking any drugs influencing balance. Exclusion criteria included withdrawing from participation in exercise program, lack of attending more than two exercise sessions, lack of general physical health, suffering from vision and hearing impairments, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders, and acute and disabling diseases so that the women could not perform exercises and follow exercise instructions, confirmed by a physician.
    In the present study, before the beginning of the training, we set one week to identify and determine the ability of individuals, and the intensity and number of repetitions under the supervision of a physician. After selecting participants and training exercises to them, one individual, as an observer, monitored the performance of exercises for 8 weeks (three times a week). The exercise protocol consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up (including aerobic and walking exercises), elastic band strength exercise protocol (30 minutes), and cool-down (5 minutes) so that an exercise session lasted about 45-50 minutes.
    Resistance exercises included 6 movements of the muscle group: Extending thighs (abductors), closing thighs, opening thighs (extensors), bending thighs (flexors), bending ankle (dorsal flexion), ankle opening (plantar flexion) by using highly elastic band (orange color) (29), exercises were performed circularly with a 2 min rest after each cycle. Cool-down included static stretching (Table 1). Finally 50 people (25 in each group) completed the study protocol. At completion and after a 24-session period (lasting 8 weeks), the measurements was performed as post-test.
 
Table 1. Elastic Band Lower Resistance Exercise Protocols
Week Warm-up Main activity  Sets/repetitions Cool down
First week 10 minutes 2/10 5minutes
Second week 10 minutes 2/12 5 minutes
Third week 10 minutes 2/15 5 minutes
Fourth week 10 minutes 3/10 5 minutes
Fifth week 10 minutes 3/12 5 minutes
Sixth week 10 minutes 3/15 5 minutes
Seventh week 10 minutes 3/20 5 minutes
Eighth Week 10 minutes 3/25 5 minutes
 
Measurements
    The Sharpened Romberg's test with eyes open was used to measure static balance and Timed Up and Go test, was used to measure dynamic balance. The 10 Meter Walk Test was used to measure walking speed, and the 30 second Chair Stand test was used to measure muscle strength. The measuring procedure was as follow.
    Sharpened Romberg’s Test: In a closed and quiet room, the person standing puts the heel of one (dominant) foot in front of the other hand's thumb with hands placed in a split over the chest. The length of time that a person could maintain the condition was determined by a chronometer three times consecutively and is considered to indicate static balance (30).
    The Timed Up and Go Test: In a closed and quiet room, the person is seated on a chair and asked to rise from the chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down on the chair to the maximum speed that he/she can go (without running) three times consecutively. The mean duration of the three runs is considered to indicate dynamic balance duration (31).
    The 10 Meter Walk Test: In this test, the individual walks without assistance for 10 meters two times to the maximum speed that he/she can go, and his/her better record is calculated. By dividing this number by the distance of interest, the walking speed of the individual in m/s is obtained (32).
    The 30 Second Chair Stand Test: The individual is seated on the chair with his/her back flat, legs as far apart as the width of the shoulders, and hands ringed at the front of the chest; on go the person rises to a full standing position and then sits back down again. The individual constantly sits on and then rises from the chair within 30 seconds as much as he/she can. The total number of correct standing positions in 30 seconds indicates the test score. Jones et al. has argued that this test as a valid and reliable tool for measuring the lower limb strength in the elderly in the community. The purpose of sitting on and rising from a chair is to measure the strength of the lower extremity without the use of large and expensive equipment. This test has a good correlation with the ability to climb stairs, walking speed, and falls risk (33).       
    The 30 Second Chair Stand test has been shown to provide a reliable and valid indicator of the strength of the lower extremity and is a reliable and sensitive method for determining age-related power loss and the effects of physical activity in the elderly (34).

 Ethical Considerations
    The participants were assured that their personal and health information would be kept confidential, and were allowed to withdraw the study whenever they wished. During the study, the researcher and a physical education expert participated in exercise activities. Written consent form was obtained from all participants. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences, (IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1395.160).
 
Data analysis
   Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Independent samples t-test was used for comparing the balance scores between the intervention and control groups and paired samples t-test was used for comparing the balance scores before and after intervention. Significance level was considered as p < 0.05
 
Results
    The participants in the two groups were completely matched with respect to skeletal disease, neurological disease, chronic disease, history of surgery and taking medication (p > 0.05).
    The results of balance tests before the exercise were examined in the two groups. The two groups were similar with respect to these tests. (Table 2)
 
Table 2. Comparison of balance tests' scores in the two groups before intervention
Tests Intervention Control p-value
Romberg's test 21.64 ± 10.98 24.64 ± 9.66 0.31
Timed up and go 12.88 ± 1.45 13.40 ± 1.25 0.18
10 Meters walk 1.15 ± 10 1.23 ± 11 0.1
Muscle strength 7.28 ± 1.45 7.84 ± 1.40 0.17

Table 3. Comparison of balance tests' scores before and after exercise in the intervention and control groups
 
 		 Intervention p-value Control
 		 p-value
before after   before after
Romberg's test 21.64 ± 10.98 28.20 ± 13.47 < 0.001 24.64  ± 9/66 25.8 ± 10.16 0.41
Timed up and go 12.88 ± 1.45 10.80 ± 1.80 < 0.001 13.40  ± 1.25 13.44 ± 1.52 0.84
10 Meters Walk 1.15 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.11/0 < 0.001 11.23  ± 0 .11 1.23 ± 0.17 0.83
Muscle strength 7.28 ± 1.45/1 9.56 ± 1.71 < 0.001 7.84  ± 1.40 8.08 ± 1.82 0.28
 












Table 4. The mean of changes in balance tests' scores in pre and post intervention in two groups
 
 		 Control Intervention p-value
Mean  ± standard deviation Mean  ± standard deviation
Romberg's test 0.44 ± 2.64 6.56 ± 3.83 < 0.001
Timed get up and go 0.40 ± 0/97 2.08 ± 0.90 < 0.001
10 Meters Walk 0.00 ± 0.93 0.15 ± 0.08 < 0.001
Muscle strength 0.24 ± 1.09 2.28 ± 1.02 < 0.001
 

   
 The static (Romberg's) and dynamic (Timed Up and Go) balance tests were performed on the two groups after 8 weeks. In both groups, the results of these tests before and after the exercise were compared using the paired t-test. The duration of the Timed Up and Go test (dynamic balance) and 10-Meters Walk Test in the experimental group decreased (p < 0.001). In contrast, the static balance and muscle strength increased in the experimental group (p < 0.001), but did not change in the control group. (Table3)
    Comparison of mean changes in balance tests' scores before and after 8 weeks of resistance exercise in both groups showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. (Table 4)
 
Discussion
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of elastic band resistance exercise on balance, walking speed, and muscle resistance of elderly women. In this study, the results of the static balance test after the elastic band exercise showed a significant increase, which is consistent with the study of Wonjong et al. in which elastic band resistance exercise was observed to be effective in improving the static and dynamic balance of the elderly (35). On the other hand, the study of Erfanian et al. showed that elastic band resistance exercise did not have a significant effect on the static balance of the participants, but had a significant effect on the intensity of the pain showed after 8 weeks of training (29). The inconsistency in the research findings can be attributed to the difference in the number and health status of the participants of the two studies. In the study of Erfanian et al. (29) 24 women with arthritis and knee varus participated, but our participants were 50 healthy elderly women. Chen et al. examined the impact of an elastic band exercise on elderly people in Taiwan. That study showed that elastic band resistance training was effective in improving functional ability, increased flexibility and mobility of joints and muscles, and increased walking speed and balance in the elderly (36). Aemi et al. reviewed the research findings on the effect of elastic band exercises in elderly women, and concluded that elastic band exercises had a significant effect on muscle improvement and led to an increase in strength and resistance (37). The study of Kwak et al. showed that 8 weeks of elastic band resistance exercise significantly increased balance, walking ability, and flexibility in the intervention group (26). Lee et al. also demonstrated the effect of elastic band exercise on women's walking and muscle strength in South Korea. Their results showed that the balance, measured by the standing on one leg, significantly improved in the intervention group when compared to the control group (38).
    Ahn et al. examined the effect of elastic band resistance exercise on lower limb muscle strength and walking ability in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and observed that the static balance in the intervention group significantly increased (39). Holviala et al. (40), Ahn et al. (39), Buchner et al.(41), Judge et al. (42), have observed resistance training is not effective on muscle strength, walking speed, and dynamic balance in the elderly, which is not in agreement with our findings. In our study, the results of 30-second chair stand test showed a significant progress in the strength of lower extremity in the experimental group when compared with the control which is consistent with the Idland et al(43), Webber et al (44), Rosendahl et al (45), Lord et al (46), Lopopolo et al (47). Results of studies by Mollabashi showed that balance exercises could improve muscle strength and balance (48). According to Hwang et al. ample evidence shows that elastic band exercise improves dynamic balance, skill, muscle strength, and muscular endurance (49). Weiss et al. demonstrated that progressive resistance exercise leads to improved quality of walking and balance by increasing muscle strength (50). The results of that study are consistent with the present study, suggesting the effect of resistance exercise on balance. The inconsistency in the results of our study and other studies regarding resistance exercise, can be attributed to the lack of agreement on a specific interval exercise protocol and number of the exercise sessions, and how long and to what extent they have the greatest impact on dynamic balance, as well as gender and age effect, and the initial level of balance scores of the participants.
Conclusion
    Elastomeric resistance exercise programs will increase the balance of aesthetics and result in increased walking speed and improved muscle strength. Therefore, elderly sports coaches are recommended to take advantage of the elasticity of the strength training and to take into account the special needs of the elderly and the likelihood of injury in designing training programs to improve the dynamic and static balance of this age group.
 
 Study limitations
    The study was conducted on female members of a Center of the Cultural Community in Meybod district in Yazd. That should be addressed in using the results. Moreover, longitudinal additional studies are recommended to examine the effects of these exercises in the long term on individuals who are not healthy and well-educated.
 
Acknowledgements
This article was derived from a master's thesis of Aging Health. The authors gratefully thank the elderly of the Center of the Cultural Community who patiently and kindly collaborated with this work.
 
Conflict of interest
    The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.
 
Authors’ contributions
    All authors contributed to the design and implementation of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, and to draft or modify the article. Data collection was carried out by Najme Kuchakinejad Meybodi. All authors have read and approved the final version of the article.
 
References
  1. Bellew JW, Yates JW, Gater DR. The initial effects of low-volume strength training on balance in untrained older men and women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(1): 121-8.
  2. Spirduso WW, Francis KL, MacRae PG. Physical dimensions of aging. United States: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1995.
  3. Dergance JM, Calmbach WL, Dhanda R, Miles TP, Hazuda HP, Mouton CP. Barriers to and benefits of leisure time physical activity in the elderly: differences across cultures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51(6): 863-8.
  4. Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clinical Nutrition. 2012; 31(5): 652-8.
  5. Seguin R, Nelson ME. The benefits of strength training for older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003; 25(3 Suppl 2): 141-9.
  6. Roth AE, Miller MG, Ricard M, Ritenour D, Chapman BL. Comparisons of static and dynamic balance following training in aquatic and land environments. Journal of  Sport Rehabilitation. 2006; 15(4): 299-311.
  7. Mulford D, Taggart HM, Nivens A, Payrie C. Arch support use for improving balance and reducing pain in older adults. Applied Nursing Research. 2008; 21(3): 153-8.
  8. Shamsipour-Dehkordy P, Aslankhani MA, Shams A. Effects of physical, mental and mixed practices on the static and dynamic balance of aged people. Journal of Shahrekord University Medical Sciences. 2011; 12(4):71-7. [Persian]
  9. Ho PY, Lisowski FP. Concepts of Chinese science and traditional healing arts: A Ho historical review: Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 1993.
  10. Gallagher B, Corbett E, Freeman L, Riddoch-Kennedy A, Miller S, Smith C, et al. A fall home environment. prevention program for the Home care provider. Home Care Provider. 2001; 6(5): 157-63.
  11. Kooshiar H, Najafi Z, Mazlom S, Azhari A. Comparison of the effects of exhilarating and normal physical activities on the balance and fear of falling in the elderly residing in nursing homes of Mashhad. Evidence Based Care Journal. 2015; 5(1): 35-46. [Persian]
  12. Stewart KJ. Physical activity and aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005; 1055: 193-206.
  13. Bee HL, Johnson PA, Starke FA, Boyd DR. Lifespan Development, Canadian Third Edition: TestGen 4.0, QuizMaster 3.0. Pearson Education Canada; 2003.
  14.  Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC, Goodway JD. Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011:
  15. Bahgeri H, Abdolvahab M, Raji P, Jalili M, Faghih Zadeh S, Soltani Z. The effects of progressive resistive exercises on Activities of Daily Living of elderly persons. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2010; 4(1, 2): 56-9. [Persian]
  16. Fitzpatrick R, Rogers DK, McCloskey D. Stable human standing with lower-limb muscle afferents providing the only sensory input. The Journal of Physiology. 1994; 480(2): 395-403.
  17. Judge JO, Lindsey C, Underwood M, Winsemius D. Balance improvements in older women: effects of exercise training. Physical Therapy. 1993; 73(4): 254-62.
  18. Trudelle-Jackson EJ, Jackson AW, Morrow Jr JR. Muscle strength and postural stability in healthy, older women: implications for fall prevention. Journal of Physical Activity & Health. 2006; 3(3): 292-303.
  19. Bennell KL, Egerton T, Wrigley TV, Hodges PW, Hunt M, Roos EM, et al. Comparison of neuromuscular and quadriceps strengthening exercise in the treatment of varus malaligned knees with medial knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2011; 12(276): 1-12.
  20. Visvanathan R, Chapman I. Preventing sarcopaenia in older people. Maturitas. 2010; 66(4): 383-8.
  21. Sidaway B, Trzaska A. Can mental practice increase ankle dorsiflexor torque?. Physical Therapy. 2005; 85(10): 1053-60.
  22. Gibson T. The effects of a home-based resistance training program on physical function and strength in older adults. Research Summary retrieved from http://www thera-bandacademy com/research/resources/x-showResource asp. 2001.
  23. Page P, Ellenbecker TS, Page P. Strength band training. USA: Human Kinetics; 2005.
  24. Damush TM, Damush Jr JG. The effects of strength training on strength and health-related quality of life in older adult women. The Gerontologist. 1999; 39(6): 705-10.
  25. Hess JA, Woollacott M. Effect of high-intensity strength-training on functional measures of balance ability in balance-impaired older adults. Journal of Manipulative and Physioloical Therapeutics. 2005; 28(8): 582-90.
  26. Kwak C-J, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of elastic-band resistance exercise on balance, mobility and gait function, flexibility and fall efficacy in elderly people. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016: 28(11): 3189-96
  27. Fahlman MM, Hall HL. Resistance training and activities of daily living training improves functional performance in elderly women: 2496: board# 141 may 29 9: 00 AM-10: 30 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2009; 41(5): 365.
  28. Chen MC, Chen KM, Chang CL, Chang YH, Cheng YY, Huang HT. Elastic band exercises improved activities of daily living and functional fitness of wheelchair-bound older adults with cognitive impairment: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2016; 95(11): 789-99.
  29. Erfanian Zorofi F, Mahtab Moazamin M, Mohammadi M. The effect of resistance training on static balance and pain in elderly women with varus knee and osteoarthritis by using elastic band. Journal of Paramedical Science and Rihabilitation. 2016; 5(2): 14-24. [Persian]
  30. Sadegi H, Nourouzi H, Karimi Asl A, Montazer M. Functional training program effect on static and dynamic balance in male able-bodied elderly. Salmand, Iranian Journal of Ageing . 2008: 3(2): 565-71. [Persian]
  31. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991; 39(2): 142-8.
  32. Farsi A, Abdoli B, Baraz P. Effect of balance, strength, and combined training on the balance of the elderly women. Salmand, Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015: 10(3): 54-61. [Persian]
  33. Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Beam WC. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise Sport. 1999; 70(2): 113-9.
  34. Howley ET, Thompson DL, editors. Fitness Professional's Handbook 7th Edition. Canada: Human Kinetics; 2016.
  35. Wonjong Yu, Changsik An, Hyungkyu K. Effects of resistance exercise using thera-band on balance of elderly adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2013; 25(11): 1471-3.
  36. Chen KM, Li CH, Chang YH, Huang HT, Cheng YY. An elastic band exercise program for older adults using wheelchairs in Taiwan nursing homes: A cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015; 52(1): 30-8.
  37. Aemi SZ, Dadgar S, Pourtaghi F, Askari Hoseini Z, Emami Moghadam Z. The effect of exercise program using elastic band in improving the old women's health. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2016; 18(177): 20-5. [Persian]
  38. Lee HC, Lee ML, Kim SR. Effect of exercise performance by elderly women on balance ability and muscle function. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2015; 27(4): 989-92.
  39. Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of an elastic band resistance exercise program on lower extremity muscle strength and gait ability in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2015; 27(6): 1953-5.
  40. Holviala J, Kraemer WJ, Sillanpaa E, Karppinen H, Avela J, Kauhanen A, et al. Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012; 112(4): 1335-47.
  41. Buchner DM, Cress ME, De Lateur BJ, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, Price R, et al. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community-living older adults. The Journal of Gerontology. Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1997; 52(4): 218-24.
  42. Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994; 42(9): 937-46.
  43. Idland G, Sylliaas H, Mengshoel AM, Pettersen R, Bergland A. Progressive resistance training for community-dwelling women aged 90 or older; a single-subject experimental design. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2014: 36(15): 1240-1248
  44. Webber SC, Porter MM. Effects of ankle power training on movement time in mobility-impaired older women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2010; 42(7): 1233-40.
  45. Rosendahl E. Fall prediction and a high-intensity functional exercise programme to improve physical functions and to prevent falls among older people living in residential care facilities. Sweden: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation Geriatric Medicine and Physiotherapy, Umea University; 2006.
  46. Lopopolo RB, Greco M, Sullivan D, Craik RL, Mangione KK. Effect of therapeutic exercise on gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people: a meta-analysis. Physical Therapy. 2006; 86(4): 520-40.
  47. Mehdizadeh Mollabashi L, Safavy Bayat Z, Yagmaey F, Mehraby Y. The effect of balanced exercises on balance level of elderly in nursing homes. Journal of Urmia Nursing Midwifery Faculty. 2011; 9(4): 283-288. [Persian]
  48. Hwang B. Effect of resistance excercise using elastic band on functional fitness and body composition in elderly women [master’s thesis]. Korean, Kookmin University; 2006.
  49. Weiss A, Suzuki T, Bean J, Fielding RA. High intensity strength training improves strength and functional performance after stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2000; 79(4): 369-76.
  50. Patterson RM, Stegink Jansen CW, Hogan HA, Nassif MD. Material properties of thera-band tubing. Physical Therapy. 2001; 81(8): 1437-45
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2018/07/22 | Accepted: 2019/04/29 | Published: 2019/06/27
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Elderly Health Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb