2020 6 2 0 145

The Relationship of Health Literacy and General Literacy with Quality of Life among Older Adults in Bojnurd, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Quality of life of older adults is one of the most important issues in their health care. The aim of this study was to investigate the power of health literacy and general literacy in predicting quality of life among older adults in Bojnurd, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 older adults in Bojnurd city in 2016. The participants were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments used in this study included the demographic variables questionnaire, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey  and Health Literacy for Iranian Adults. To describe and analyze the data, SPSS software was used. Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multifactorial regression analysis were run to analyze the data.  Results: The mean health literacy score was 69.76 ± 15.05 (score range from 0 to 100) and the mean score of quality of life was 26.2 ± 6.12 (score range from 12 to 48). The level of health literacy was insufficient in 32.2% of the participants and about half of them lacked general literacy. The relationship between health literacy and quality of life was statistically significant (p < 0.001) (r = 0.54). A significant difference was observed between the illiterate and literate seniors with regard to their quality of life scores (p < 0.001). The predictive power of health literacy and general literacy was statistically significant in obtaining a higher score in quality of life with Beta coefficients of 0.65 and 0.25, respectively (p < 0.001).  Conclusion: Although health literacy and general literacy affect the elderlies’ quality of life positively, health literacy is more effective. Therefore, authorities are suggested to increase their quality of health literacy to improve the seniors’ quality of life.   73 77 2018/05/28 1397/3/7 2020/12/24 1399/10/4 Sahel Sangsefidi Sahel Sangsefidi Imam Hasan Educational, Research and Treatment Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Iran Akram Ghanbari Moghaddam Akram Ghanbari Moghaddam Nursing and Midwifery care research Center, Department of Medical Surgical, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Safooreh Esmaielzadeh iri sofla Safooreh Esmaielzadeh iri sofla Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Saeedeh Avazzade Saeedeh Avazzade Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Zeinab Karbalaee Zeinab Karbalaee Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Zahra Khadem Zahra Khadem Ghaem Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Mojtaba Mohammadi Mojtaba Mohammadi Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Iran Aged Health Literacy General Literacy Quality of Lif Glanz K. Theory at a Glanz: A guide for health promotion practice. National Institutes of Health; 1997.##Hesamzade A, Madah SB, Mohamadi F, Falahi Khoshknab M, Rahgozar M. Comparison of elderly's "quality of life" living at homes and in private or public nursing homes. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 4(4): 66-74. [Persian] ##Kooshyar H, Shoorvazi M, Dalir Z, Hosseini M. Health literacy and its relationship with medical adherence and health-related quality of life in diabetic community residing elderly. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 23(1): 134-43. [Persian]##Smith S. Promoting health literacy concept, measurement & intervention [PhD thesis]. Ohio: Union Institute & University Cincinnati; 2009.##La Vonne AD, Zun LS. Assessing adult health literacy in urban healthcare settings. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008;100(11):1304-8.##Mellor DR, Russo S, Mccabe MP, Davison TE, George K. Depression training program for caregivers of elderly care recipients: implementation and qualitative evaluation. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2008; 34(9): 8-15.##Wengryn M, Jackson Hester E. Pragmatic skills used by older adults in social communication and health care contexts. Contemporary Issues in Communication Sciences and Disorders. 2011; 38: 41-52.##Smith P, Brice J, Lee J. The relationship between functional health literacy and adherence to emergency department discharge instructions among Spanish-speaking patients. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2007; 104(11-12): 521-7.##Javadzade SH, Sharifirad G, Radjati F, Mostafavi F, Reisi M, Hasanzade A.. Relationship between health literacy, health status, and healthy behaviors among older adults in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Education and Health promotion. 2012; 1(31): 1-11.##Ahmadi F, Salar A, Faghih Zadeh S. Quality of life in Zahedan elderly population. Journal of Hayat. 2004; 10(3): 61-7. [Persian]##Peyman N, Abdollahi M. The relationship between health literacy and self-efficacy physical activity in postpartum women. Journal of Health Literacy. 2016, 1(1): 5-12.‌ [Persian]##Tehrani Banihashemi S, Amirkhani M, Alavian S, Asgharifard H, Baradaran H, Barghamdi M, et al. Health literacy and the influencing factors: a study in five provinces of Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education. 2007; 4(1): 1-9. [Persian]##Parker W. Health literacy among elderly Hispanics and medication usage [PhD thesis]. Minnesota: Walden University; 2016.##Sangsefidi S, Ghanbari Moghaddam A, Mohamadzadeh M, Karbalaee Z, Mohammadi M. Self-care and its predictive role in the quality of life of the elderly living in the community. Journal of Gerontology. 2018; 2(4): 64-70. [Persian]##Nikooseresht Z, Rimaz S, Asadi-Lari M, Nedjat S, Merghati-Khoee E, Saiepour N. Reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the human immunodeficiency virus specific World Health Organization quality of life BREF questionnaire. Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology. 2015; 1(1/2): 37-44.##Montazeri A, Tavousi M, Rakhshani F, Azin SA, Jahangiri K, Ebadi M, et al. Health literacy for Iranian adults (HELIA): development and psychometric properties. Payesh. 2014; 13(5): 589-99. [Persian]##Hekmatpou D, Shamsi M, Zamani M. The effect of healthy lifestyle educational programs on the quality of life of the elderly in Arak. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 16(3): 1-11. [Persian].##Heidari M, Shahbazi S. Effect of self-care training program on quality of life of elders. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2012; 25 (75): 1-8. ##Wagner C, Knight K, Steptoe A, Wardle J. Functional health literacy and health-promoting behaviour in a national sample of British adults. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2007; 61(12): 1086–90.##Mahmoudi Gh, Niaz Azari K, Sanati T. Evaluating lifestyle in the elderly. Journal of Health Breez. 2012; 1(3): 45-50.##Sharifi H, Sharifi N. Principles of psychometrics and psychoanalysis. 14th ed. Tehran: Roshd publisher; 2011.## ##

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy and Meta-Cognitive‌ Therapy based on Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Sensitivity in Elderly with Heart Disease 2 2 Introduction: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and meta-cognitive therapy based on training on emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity in elderly with precedent heart disease in Tehran city.  Methods: This was an experimental study with pre-test & post-test and statistical population consisted of all elderly with precedent heart disease living in Tehran 2018, among whom 50 people with precedent heart disease were selected and randomly divided into two groups of equally 25 people. The first group received eight sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and the second group was presented with eight sessions of meta-cognitive therapy based on training. Research tools were Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross & John and Anxiety Sensitivity Index of Taylor & Coax (1998). Finally, data analysis was done by multivariate covariance.  Results: The results showed significant effectiveness of independent variables (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and meta-cognitive therapy based on training) on emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity (p < 0.001). However, the results showed that metacognitive education had a more significant effect on anxiety fear control than mindful cognitive therapy. Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and meta-cognitive therapy based on training on emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity had different effectiveness. So, experts should pay attention to this issue.. 78 84 2018/05/282019/04/7 1398/1/18 2020/12/242020/10/6 1399/7/15 peyman hatamian peyman hatamian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran P.hatamian@modares.ac.ir Seyed Kazem Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei Seyed Kazem Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran Emotion regulation Mindfulness Metacognitive Aged Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 141(2): 122-31.##Khazaei H, Komasi S, Zakiei A, Rezaei M, Hatamian P, Jashnpor M. Design and standardization of tools for assessing the perceived heart risk and heart health literacy in Iran. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia. 2018; 21(1): 46-52.##Babaei, A, Ahmadi, M, Vafapoour, H, Hatamian, P. The comparison of self-efficacy in weight control among the elderly with heart disease and healthy in Kermanshah city. Iranian Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences.2018; 4(14): 60-66. [Persian]##Sabouri Moghaddam H, Babapour Kheyroddin J, Ezzati D, Aslan Abadi N, Foroughi Asl R, B. Sadeghi, Shalchi B. Effect of stressful stimulus on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with cardiovascular disease in comparison with healthy subjects based on emotion seeking levels. Journal Management System. 2015; 10(38): 149-65. [Persian]##Vahidi A, Shaker Dioulagh A. The role of caregiver burden, martial stress, and mindfulness in predicting psychosocial adjustment to illness in people with coronary artery disease. Iranian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2018; 7(1): 50-9. [Persian]##Karami J, Momeni KM, Hatamian P. The relationship between emotion dysregulation with psychoactive substance abuse in nurses working at hospitals of Kermanshah Iran 2016. Bali Medical Journal. 2017; 6(3): 502-6.##Gardner SE, Betts LR, Stiller J, Cotes J. The role of emotion regulation for coping with school-based peer-victimization in late childhood. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 107: 108–13.##Tamir M, Vishkin A, Gutentag T. Emotion regulation is motivated. Emotion. 2020: 20(1): 115–9. ##Thomson P, Jaque V. Self-regulation, emotion, and resilience. Creativity and the performing artist. 1st ed. Academic Press 2017. p. 225-43.##Nikdanesh M, Davazdah Emami MH, Gheydari ME, Bakhtiyari M, Mohamadi, A. Emotion regulation, mindfulness and existential anxiety in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 28(6): 384-93. [Persian]##Sepehreinjad M, Hatamian P. Forecast of suicidal thoughts based on emotion dysregulation and experimental avoidance in nurses. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2018; 13(4): 39-44. [Persian]##McDonald AR, Muraskina J, VanDam N, Froehlich C, Puccio B, Pellman J, et al. The real-time fMRI neurofeedback based stratification of Default Network Regulation Neuroimaging data repository. Neurolmage. 2017; 146: 157-70.##Ghasemi N. The comparison of anxiety sensitivity and coping stress strategies between patients with non-cardiac chest pain cardiac patients and normal subjects. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2016; 3(65): 45-58. [Persian]##Ghasemi N. The comparison of anxiety sensitivity and happiness in irritable bowel syndrome patients with normal matched group in Shiraz. Journal of Fasa University Medical Science. 2012; 2(2): 101-12. [Persian]## Saeidi M, Soroush A, Komasi S, Momnei K, Heydarpour B. Attitudes toward cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients referred to a cardiac rehabilitation center: importance of psychological attitudes. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2015; 16(7): e22281.##Rambarzin SH, Salehi N, Akbari M, Saeidi M, Komasi S. Effectiveness of cognitive-Behavioral therapy in reducing anxiety and depression in Men with heart disease. Journal of Clinical Care. 2015; 3(1): 1-8. [Persian]##Ebn-Nasir S, KHaleghipour S. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety sensitivity and quality of life in patients with hypertension having avoidance personality trait. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2018; 16(2): 198-205. [Persian]##Beyrami M,Hashemi T, Bakhshipour A, Mahmood Aliloo M, Eghbali A. Comparsion of the effectiveness of emotion reglution training and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in psychological distress and cognitive emotion reglution strategies in mothers of children with mental retardation, Modern Psychological Research. 2014; 9(33): 43-59. [Persian]##Berking M, Merer C, Wupperman P. Enhancing emotion regulation skills in police officers: enhancing emotion regulation skills in police officers. Behavior Therapy. 2010; 41(3): 329-39.##Janssen M, Heerkens Y, Kuijer W, Vander Hejaden B, Engels J. Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction on employees mental health: A systematic review. Plos One. 2018; 13(1): e0191332.##Shahidi L, Manshaee GR. The effectiveness of meta-cognitive training on emotional regulation and academic emotion in mathematics among second-grade high school students. Journal of Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2015; 17(3): 30-7. [Persian]##Yousef Vand M, Alavi Z. The effectiveness of cognitive and metacognitive strategies (CMST) on creative self and passion for education in secondary school students. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2018; 11(42): 143-59. [Persian]##Hosseini F, Khayyer M. the role of cognitive assessment in mathematics education emotions explain the relationship between parenting style and emotion regulation. Teaching and learning Reasearch Journal. 2011; 3(1): 29-32. [Persian]##Noori A, Sanagoo A, Amini M, Adib, M, Jouybari L. The effect of teaching metacognitive strategies on students metacognitive awareness and academic performance of students. Development Strategies in Medical Education. 2016; 3(1): 11-19. [Persian]##Sanchez-Alonso S, Vovides Y. Integration of metacognitive Skills in the design of learning objects. Computers in Human Behavior. 2007; 23(6): 2585-95.##Daliri N, Zakeri-Moghadam M. Aging and heart disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2016; 5(1): 64-9. [Persian]##De Freitas EV, Batlouni M, Gamarsky R. Heart failure in the elderly. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2012; 9(2): 101-7.##Omidi A, Momeni J, Raygan F, Akbari H, Talighi E. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on quality of life among patients with cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Clinical Psychology Andishe Va raftar. 2017; 10(42): 7-16. [Persian]##Aghajani S, Samadifard H, Narimani M. The role of cognitive avoidance components and metacognitive belief in the prediction of quality of life in diabetic patients. Journal of Health Psychology. 2017; 6(21): 142-56. [Persian]##Agah Heris M, Ramezani N. Comparing personality traits and anxiety sensitivity among patients with and without psoriasis. Journal of Health Psychology. 2019; 7(28): 67-82. [Persian]##Smyth J.M, Arigo D. Recent evidence supports emotion regulation interventions for improving health in at-risk and clinical populations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2009; 22(2): 205-10.## ##

Medication Adherence Status and its related Factors among Older Adults in Yazd, Iran 2 2 Introduction: One of the main problems facing different societies in the world, including Iran, is population aging and its consequences. With individuals entering old age, the possibility of being afflicted with one or more chronic diseases increases, which in turn results in more use of medications and medication adherence. This study has examined medication adherence status and its related factors among older adults in Yazd, Iran. Methods: Totally 196 individuals aged 60 years old and higher in Yazd were entered randomly in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Chi-square and Gamma tests were used for data analysis.  Results: The medication adherence was weak in 79.1%, average in 19.9%, and high in only 1% of the participants. There was not a significant relationship between demographic variables and medication adherence.  Conclusion: As most of the participants were weak in medication adherence, the necessary actions for the identification of other factors that lead to the reduction of medication adherence can pave the way for providing solutions for increasing medication adherence in this age group.   85 90 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/11 1398/1/22 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/14 1399/8/24 Tayebeh Sanati Tayebeh Sanati Department of Ageing Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Aliakbar Vaezi Aliakbar Vaezi Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Research Center for Nursing Care and Midwifery in Family Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran vaeziali@ssu.ac.ir Sara Jambarsang Sara Jambarsang Research Center for Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Older Adults Medication Adherence Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy. 2008; 5(1): 1-7.##Eun-kyung W, Changsu H, Sangmee AJ, Min KP, Sungsoo K, Eunkyung K, et al. Morbidity and related factors among elderly people in South Korea: results from the Ansan Geriatric (AGE) cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7(10): 1-9.##Sharkey JR, Branch LG, Zohoori N, Giuliani C, Busby-Whitehead J, Haines PS. Inadequate nutrient intakes among homebound elderly and their correlation with individual characteristics and health-related factors. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 76(6): 1435-45.##Tavakoli R. Investigating the effect of important socio-economic and cultural variables on arbitrary drug use Daneshvar Medicine: Basic and Clinical Research Journal. 2001; 8(34): 9-12. [Persian]##World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. [Internet]. 2003. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42682/9241545992.pdf##Asayeshi F, Mostafavi F, Hassanzadeh A. The relation between medication-related beliefs and treatment adherence in patients with hypertension in urban Health Care Centers in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Health System Research. 2017; 13 (1): 32-7. [Persian]##Gholamaliei B, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Roshanaei G, Rezapour-Shahkolaei F. Medication adherence and its related factors in patients with type II diabetes. Journal of Education Community Health. 2016; 2(4): 3-12. [Persian]##Yap FA, Thirumoorthy T, Kwan YH. Medication adherence in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2016; 7(2): 64-7.‌##Mirzaei M, Shams-Ghahfarkhi M. Demographic characteristics of the elderly population in Iran according to the census 1976-2006. Iran Journal of Ageing. 2007; 5 (2): 326-31. [Persian]##Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, Wells K, Rogers WH, Berry SD. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. Results from the medical outcomes study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989; 262(7): 907–13.##Moharamzad Y, Saadat H, Nakhjavan Shahraki B, Rai A, Saadat Z, Aerab-Sheibani H, et al. Validation of the persian version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in Iranian Hypertensive Patients. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015; 7(4): 173-83.##Lee GK, Wang HH, Liu KQ, Cheung Y, Morisky DE, Wong MC. Determinants of medication adherence to antihypertensive medications among a Chinese population using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. PLoS One. 2013; 8(4): e62775.##Obreli-Neto PR, Guidoni CM, Baldoni A, Pilger D, Cruciol-Souza JM, Gaeti-Franco WP, et al. Effect of a 36-month pharmaceutical care program on pharmacotherapy adherence in elderly diabetic and hypertensive patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2011; 33(4): 642-9.##Noghabi D,Salar H, Hashemian H, Calculation of drug use in the elderly using the Cockeroft-Gault formula. Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences (HMS)‎. 2004; 10(4): 53-8. [Persian]##Lalic J, Radovanovic RV, Mitic B, Nikolic V, Spasic A, Koracevic G. Medication adherence in outpatients with arterial hypertension. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis. 2013; 30(4): 209-18.##Garay-Sevilla ME, Malacara HJ, Gonzalez-Parada F, Jordan-Gines L. The belief in conventional medicine and adherence to treatment in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 1998; 12(5): 239-45.##Minaiyan M, Taheri M, Mirmoghtadaee P, Maracy MR. Comparative role of patient's belief about prescribed medicine and demographic factors in adherence to drug treatment in asthma, renal failure and cancer diseases. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2011; 29(156): 1303-11. [Persian].##Rao CR, Kamath VG, Shetty A, Kamath A. Treatment compliance among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a coastal population of southern India. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014; 5(8): 992-8.##Mashrouteh M, Khanjani N. Evaluation of oral medication adherence and its related factors in type II diabetic patients in Iran: a systematic review. International Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017; 6(1): 24-33.##Fernandez-Arias M, Acuna-Villaorduna A, Miranda JJ, Diez-Canseco F, Malaga G. Adherence to pharmacotherapy and medication-related beliefs in patients with hypertension in Lima, Peru. PLoS One 2014; 9(12): 1-12.##Vinter-Repalust N, Jurkovic L, Katic M, Simunovic R, Petric D. Disease duration, patient compliance and presence of complications in diabetic patients. Acta Medica Croatica. 2007; 61(1): 57-62. ##Hadi N. Rostami-Gooran N. Determinant factors of medication compliance in hypertensive patients of Shiraz, Iran. Archives of Iranian Medical. 2004; 7(4): 292-6. ##Masror Roudsari D, Dabiri Golchin M, Parsa Yekta Z, Haghani H. Relationship between adherence to therapeutic regimen and health related quality of life in hypertensive patients. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2013; 26(85): 44-54. [Persian]## ##

Challenges to Elderly People in Quetta City (Balochistan) Pakistan 2 2 Introduction: The present study aims to examine challenges encountered by elderly people in Quetta city of Balochistan. The socio-economic problems faced by elderly and the attitude of family members towards them were explored in this study.  Methods: A random sample of 200 respondents comprising both women and men of age 60 years and above was selected and data was collected through semi-structured interview schedule. The data collected has been processed through SPSS and simple frequency designed tables. Results: The results show several problems were encountered by elderly including discrimination (65%), limited decision making power (44%), acts of neglect and maltreatment from families (42%), verbal and physical abuse (41%), reduced social interaction (68%) and economic dependency (55.5%). These challenges were reported to have serious implications on the lives of elderly. Conclusion: The findings of this study imply that the majority of problems faced by elderly were largely due to breakdown of traditional family system of the country. To address these issues the attention of the state is needed especially in providing alternative means of living for the elderly who spend their lives in serving the nation. This may include setting up elderly homes, introducing elderly allowances and increasing pension amounts. 91 97 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/28 1398/4/7 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/26 1399/7/5 Nudrat Mushtaq Nudrat Mushtaq Department of Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan Pakistan Rabia Ali Rabia Ali Department of Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan Pakistan rabi.aly@gmail.com Aged Socio-economic Decision Making Abuse Economic Dependency Financial Burden United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2015 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf ##Schaie KW, Willis S, editors. Handbook of the psychology of aging. 7th ed. Academic Press; 2010. ##Novak M. Issues in aging. 3nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2015.##Kocaman, Tuncer. The situation of elderly population in turkey and national plan of action on aging. State Planning Organization; 2007 [cited 26 May 2019]. Available from: https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/pau/_docs/age/2007/AGE_2007_MiCA07_CntrRprtTUR_e.pdf##Sivamurthy M, Wadakannavar AR. Care and support for the elderly population in India: results from a survey of the aged in rural North Karnataka (India). Proceedings of the 24th IUSSP General Population Conference; 2001Aug 8th-24th Salvador, 2001. [cited 30 May 2019]. Available from: https://www.silverinnings.com/old/docs/Ageing%20Indian/CARE%20AND%20SUPPORT%20FOR%20THE%20ELDERLY%20POPULATION%20IN%20INDIA.pdf##Morrow-Howell N, Hinterlong J, Rozario PA, Tang F. Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. 2003; 58(3): 137-45.##Muhammad N, Jan MA, Shah M, Ahmad Z. Old age people: a socio-economic view of their problems in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences. 2009; 7(2): 126-30.##Brownell P, Podnieks E. Long-overdue recognition for the critical issue of elder abuse and neglect: a global policy and practice perspective. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. 2005; 5(2): 187-91.##Nahmiash D. Powerlessness and abuse and neglect of older adults. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. ##2004; 14(1): 21-47.##Bergeron LR, Gray B. Ethical dilemmas of reporting suspected elder abuse. Social Work. 2003; 48(1): 96-105.##Choi NG, Mayer J. Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: Risk factors and prevention strategies. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2000; 33(2): 5-25.##Piri N, Tanjani PT, Khodkarim S, Etemad K. Domestic elder abuse and associated factors in elderly women in Tehran, Iran. Epidemiology and Health. 2018; 40.##Bergeron LR. An elder abuse case study: caregiver stress or domestic violence? You decide. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2001; 34(4): 47-63.##Orfila F, Coma-Solé M, Cabanas M, Cegri-Lombardo F, Moleras-Serra A, Pujol-Ribera E. Family caregiver mistreatment of the elderly: prevalence of risk and associated factors. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1): 167.##Fiori KL, Antonucci TC, Cortina KS. Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. 2006; 61(1): 25-32.##Itrat A, Taqui AM, Qazi F, Qidwai W. Family systems: perceptions of elderly patients and their attendents presenting at a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. The Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2007; 57(2): 106-10.##Taqui AM, Itrat A, Qidwai W, Qadri Z. Depression in the elderly: Does family system play a role? A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2007; 7(1): 57.##Alam H, Ali F, Daraz U, Ahmad W. Socio-economic problems of persons with old age in district dir lower khyber Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Academic Research International. 2013; 4(1): 93-100.##Sebastian D, Sekher TV. Extent and nature of elder abuse in Indian families: A study in Kerala. Help Age India Research & Development Journal. 2011; 17(3): 20-8.##Blank J, Clary C, Nichiporuk B. Drivers of long-term insecurity and instability in Pakistan: Urbanization. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation; 2014.##Maykut P, Morehouse RE. Beginning qualitative research: a philosophical and practical guide. London: The Falmer Press; 2002.##Teaster PB, Harley DA, Kettaneh A. Aging and mistreatment: Victimization of older adults in the United States. In: Vakalahi H, Simpson G, Giunta N, editors. The collective spirit of aging across cultures. international perspectives on aging. Springer, Dordrecht; 2014.## Roberto KA. The complexities of elder abuse. The American Psychologist. 2016; 71(4): 302-11.##Hussain S. Socio-economic and health status and the social protection of the ageing population in Pakistan. University of Wah Journal of Social Sciences. 2019; 2(2): 116-41. ##Qureshi K. Ageing: Gender, social class and health in Pakistan. 2017. [cited 2 Jun 2019]. Available from: http://cppg.fccollege.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Articleq16-18-Kaveri-Qureshiupload.pdf##Alam M, Karim M. Looking beyond the current demographic scenario: changing age composition, aging and growing insecurities for the aged in India and Pakistan. In 25th IUSSP International Conference. (18-23 July); France: Tours; 2005. Available from: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/tours_2005/papers/iussp2005s50803.pdf##Ashfaq T, Mohammad FH. Issues encountered by family member for caring of elderly population: A perspective of elderly patients visiting primary care clinics in Pakistan. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. 2014; 4(Suppl 1): A6.##Ahmad R, Mi H, Keyao R, Khan K, Navid K. Aging and social security system in Pakistan: policy challenges, opportunities, and role of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Educational Gerontology. 2018; 44(9): 537-50.##Ahmad Z, Batool Z, Starkey P. Understanding mobility characteristics and needs of older persons in urban Pakistan with respect to use of public transport and self-driving. Journal of Transport Geography. 2019; 74: 181-90.##Dildar S, Saeed Y. Exploratory study of the nature of violence against elderly in district Gujrat, Pakistan. Academic Research International. 2012; 2(3): 661-9.##Cassum LA, Cash K, Qidwai W, Vertejee S. Exploring the experiences of the older adults who are brought to live in shelter homes in Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics. 2020; 20(1): 1-12.##Baig MA, Mian AI. With no welfare in sight, the elderly prone to abuse. The Express Tribune (newspaper on the Internet). 2015 May 08. Available from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/883418/with-no-welfare-in-sight-the-elderly-prone-to-abuse. ##Bagshaw D, Wendt S, Zannettino L. Preventing the abuse of older people by their family members (Stakeholder Paper 7). Sydney: Domestic Violence Clearing House. 2009.##Ashiq U, Asad AZ. The rising old age problem in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 2017; 54(2): 325-33.##Fowler JH, Christakis NA. Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal. 2008; 337: 1-9.##Li H, Ji Y, Chen T. The roles of different sources of social support on emotional well-being among Chinese elderly. PloS One. 2014; 9(3): e90051.##Blieszner R, Ogletree AM, Adams RG. Friendship in later life. A Research Agenda. Innovation Aging. 2019; 3(1): 1-18. ##Huxhold O, Miche M, Schüz B. Benefits of having friends in older ages: differential effects of informal social activities on well-being in middle-aged and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2014; 69(3): 366-75.##Shah N, Hussain B, Paracha S, Ahmad MS. Impact of Psycho-Social Predictors on the Quality of Life of the Elderly in Pakistan. In: RAIS Conference Proceedings-The 12th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences & Humanities (Apr 25, 2019). Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3388042 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3388042##Valtorta NK, Moore DC, Barron L, Stow D, Hanratty B. Older adults’ social relationships and health care utilization: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health. 2018; 108(4): e1-10.##Nasir GM, Sohail MI, Sajjad MB, Ahmed A. Problems faced and difference in quality of life among the elderly population of suburban areas of Twin cities. Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University. 2018; 14(2): 200-5.## ##

Reliability and Validity of Place Attachment Scale among Iranian Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Place attachment is a sense of comfort of people in their neighborhood. Aged people are sensitive to changes in their environment. This study aimed to find the reliability and validity of the Place Attachment Scale (PAS) among Iranian older adults. Methods: This was a methodological study in which the study population consisted of 550 elderly people living in Tehran. Data were collected through PAS. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics v.22 and LISREL v.20 software via Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Face validity of the PAS was confirmed by a panel of experts. Internal consistency of PAS was 0.95. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the PAS (CFI= 1.00, GFI= 0.98, RMSEA= 0.05) . The mean score of the participants' PAS was 23.78 ± 7.58 that was indicative of a moderate level of place attachment.  Conclusion: PAS is a suitable tool for assessing Place Attachment among Iranian older adults. 98 102 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/24 1398/10/3 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/2 1399/9/12 Pouya Farokhnezhad Afshar Pouya Farokhnezhad Afshar Department of Gerontology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mahshid Foroughan Mahshid Foroughan Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran m_foroughan@yahoo.com Mehdi Ajri-Khameslou Mehdi Ajri-Khameslou Department of Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Iran Fatemeh Bahramnezhad Fatemeh Bahramnezhad Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Vahid Rashedi Vahid Rashedi Department of Gerontology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran vahidrashedi@yahoo.com Aged Place Attachment Reliability Validity Norberg-Schulz N. The concept of dwelling: on the way to figurative architecture. 1st ed. New York: Rizzoli International Publications; 1985. P 9.##Zolfaghari M, Farokhnezhad Afshar P, Asadi Noghabi AA, Ajri Khameslou M. Modification of environmental factors on quality of sleep among patients admitted to CCU. Journal of Hayat. 2013; 18(4): 61-8. [Persian]##Williams A, Eyles J. Sense of place, health and quality of life. 1st ed. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.; 2008. P 105-19.##Hooyman NR, Kiyak HA. Social gerontology: a multidisciplinary perspective. 8th ed. Boston: Pearson Education; 2008. P 776.##Brown B, Perkins DD, Brown G. Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2003; 23(3): 259-71.##Afshar PF, Foroughan M, Vedadhir A, Tabatabaei MG. The effects of place attachment on social well-being in older adults. Educational Gerontology. 2017; 43(1): 45-51.##Kamalipour H, Yeganeh AJ, Alalhesabi M. Predictors of place attachment in urban residential environments: a residential complex case study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 35: 459-67.##Proshansky HM. The city and self-identity. Environment and Behavior. 1978; 10(2):147-69.##Pretty GH, Chipuer HM, Bramston P. Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2003; 23(3): 273-87.##Bond J. Quality of life and older people. First ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education (UK); 2004. P 131.##Budruk M. Cross-language measurement equivalence of the place attachment scale: a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Leisure Research. 2010; 42(1): 25-42.##Williams D, Vaske J. The measurement of place attachment: validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science. 2003; 49(3): 830-40.##Borson S, Scanlan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A. The mini-cog: a cognitive ‘vital signs’ measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000; 15(11): 1021-7.##Khodaee Z, Rafiean M, Dadashpoor H, Taghvaei AA. The effect of physical capacities on the place attachment from the view of teenagers in Tehran. Geographical Urban Planning Research. 2015; 3(1): 33-54. ##Hernández B, Hidalgo MC, Salazar-Laplace ME, Hess S. Place attachment and place identity in natives and non-natives. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2007; 27(4): 310-9.##Finch WH. A comparison of factor rotation methods for dichotomous data. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. 2011; 10(2): 549-70.##Shenk D, Kuwahara K, Zablotsky D. Older women's attachments to their home and possessions. Journal of Aging Studies. 2004; 18(2): 157-69.##Manzo LC. For better or worse: exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2005; 25(1): 67-86.##Twigger-Ross CL, Uzzell DL. Place and identity processes. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1996; 16(3): 205-20.##Rollero C, De Piccoli N. Place attachment, identification and environment perception: an empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2010; 30(2): 198-205.##Zenker S, Rütter N. Is satisfaction the key? The role of citizen satisfaction, place attachment and place brand attitude on positive citizenship behavior. Cities. 2014; 38: 11-7 .## ##

Detecting Depression in Elderly People by Using Artificial Neural Network 2 2 Introduction: The possibility of depression is common in the elderly. Novel technologies allow us to monitor people related to depression. Hence, a model was provided to detect depression in elderly based on artificial neural network (ANN). Methods: The present study is an applied descriptive-survey research. Forty elderly people were randomly selected from the Elderly Care Center in Gonbad Kavous, Golestan, Iran in 2019. Data were obtained through interview. The data were randomly divided in to two groups of training and testing. In training phase by using first dataset (70%), three layers network is considered. Interrelation weights between variables, optimum transfer function and optimum number of hidden layer were obtained. The sum of squared errors, receiver operating characteristic curve criterion and accuracy were used to select the optimum ANN. The optimum model tested and validated (p < 0.001) with second dataset (30%). Results: The sigmoid transfer function in hidden and output layers with 5 nods (SSE = 131), one hidden layer with 15 neurons was considered as optimum model. Receiver operating characteristic curve criterion and accuracy were obtained equal to 0.913 and 94.79% respectively. The confusion matrix was showed high sensitivity (97.45%) and specificity (99.25%) in the diagnosis of depression. Age, gender, income, polarity outgoing messages to family, incoming calls, time active in the day, polarity incoming messages from family, time sleep in the day were obtained as a significant set for input layer of the optimum model. In addition, the optimum model has been quite successful in identifying normal and depressed elderly. Conclusion: This research applied an ANN model for detection of depression in the elderly. ANN can be used as a computational tools for early diagnosis of depression in the elderly People.   103 108 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/28 1399/1/9 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/15 1399/8/25 mojgan mirza mojgan mirza Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Iran mojgan.mirza.kla@gmail.com Aged Prediction Depression Artificial Neural Network Allahyari E. Predicting elderly depression: an artificial neural network model. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2019; 13(4): e98497.##Martínez A, Benítez R, Estrada H, Hernández Y. Predictive model for detection of depression based on uncertainty analysis methods. Proceedings. 2018; 2(19): 1-10. ##Flores-Pacheco S, Huerta-Ramírez Y, Herrera-Ramos O, Alonso-Vazquez O. Factores familiares y religiosos en adultos mayores y su relación con síntomas depresivos. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues. 2012; 3(2): 89–100.##Cole MG, Dendukuri N. Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 160(6): 1147-56. ##Dean A, Kolody B, Wood P, Matt GE. The influence of living alone on depression in elderly persons. Journal of Aging and Health. 1992; 4(1): 3-18. ##Detienne KB, Detienne DH, Joshi SA. Neural networks as statistical tools for business researchers. Organizational Research Methods. 2003; 6(2): 236-65.##Shipe ME, Deppen S, Farjah F, Grogan EL. Developing prediction models for clinical use using logistic regression: an overview. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2019, 11(4): 574-84.##Yesavage JA, Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA, Sheikh JA, Yesavage JA, Sheikh J, et al. Geriatric depression scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist. 1986; 5(1-2): 165-73. ##Andrasik F, Goodie JL, Peterson A, editors. Biopsychosocial assessment in clinical health psychology. The Guilford Press; 2015.##Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 1986; 5(1-2): 165-73.##Rudy TE, WeinerDK, Lieber SJ, Slaboda J, Boston JR. The impact of chronic low back pain on older adults: A comparative study of patients and controls. Pain. 2007; 131 (3): 293-301.##Pedraza O, Doston VM, Willis FB, Graff-Radford NR, Lucas JA. Internal consistency and test-retest stability of the geriatric depression scale-short form in African. American older adults. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2009; 31 (4): 412-6.##Osubor VI, Egwali AO. A neuro fuzzy approach for the diagnosis of postpartum depression disorder. Iran Journal of Computer Science. 2018; 1: 217–225. ##Sajadi H, Mohaqeqi Kamal H, Vameghi M, Forozan AS, Rafei H, Nosratabadi M. Systematic review of prevalence and risk factors associated with depression and its treatment in Iranian elderly. Salmand Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2013; 7(4): 7-15. [Persian]##Mirza M. modeling the factors influencing the prediction of divorce, research project (150666). Gonbad Kavous University: 2020. ##Park M, Unutzer J, Grembowski D. Ethnic and gender variations in the associations between family cohesion, family conflict, and depression in older Asian and Latino adults. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2014; 16(6): 1103-10. ##Ghaderi S, Sahaf R, Mohammadi Shahbalaghi F, Ansari G, Gharanjic A, Ashrafi K, et al. Prevalence of depression in elderly Kurdish community residing in Boukan, Iran. Salmand Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(1): 57-66. [Persian]##Rajabizadeh GH, Ramezani A. Prevalence of depression in Kermanian geriatrics-2002. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services. 2004; 3(1): 58--66. [Persian] ##Djernes JK. Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2006; 113(5): 372-87. ##Papadopoulos FC, Petridou E, Argyropoulou S, Kontaxakis V, Dessypris N, Anastasiou A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depression in late life: A population based study from a rural Greek town. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2005; 20(4): 350-7.## ##

The Effect of Working Memory Rehabilitation on Visual Memory and Memory Span 2 2 Introduction: Age-related cognitive decline or cognitive aging is largely the result of structural and functional decline in specific areas of the brain, but lifestyle also contributes to this cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory rehabilitation on visual memory and memory span in ageing.  Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population included all elderly people who lived in Bukan Nursing Home from April to July 2019 (N = 120). Among these individuals, 30 elderly people were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (two groups of 15 people). Kim Karad Visual Memory Test and Wechsler Memory Span Test were taken from the groups in pretest. The working memory rehabilitation was performed in 18 sessions (each sessions 60-minute) and after which the test was performed again. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance test according to its assumptions.  Results: The results showed that after the rehabilitation of working memory, in the experimental group, the mean of short, medium and long components of visual memory were 12.00, 10.8 and 12.33, respectively, and the direct and inverse of memory span were 11.66 and 9.66, respectively. In the control group, the average of short, medium and long components of visual memory is 7.00, 6.70 and 9.00, respectively, and direct and inverse of memory span is 8.33 and 6.46, respectively. The difference in the mean scores between the two groups in the components of visual memory and memory span after the intervention was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that working memory rehabilitation can improve visual memory and memory span, and it is recommended that this rehabilitation method be used to improve the cognitive functions of the elderly.   109 115 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/282020/05/6 1399/2/17 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/152020/12/7 1399/9/17 mansour Mahmoudi Aghdam mansour Mahmoudi Aghdam Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran Esmaeil Soleymani Esmaeil Soleymani Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran E.soleimani@urmia.ac.ir Ali Issa Zadegan Ali Issa Zadegan Department of Psychology, School of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran Rehabilitation Cognition Memory Span Visual Memory Aged Hofer S, Alwin D, editors. Handbook of cognitive aging, interdisciplinary perspectives. California: Sage Publications Inc; 2008.##Ravdin L, Katzen H, editors. Handbook on the neuropsychology of aging and dementia. Springer International Publishing; 2019.##Byrne J, editor. Learning and memory: a comprehensive refernce. Oxford. Academic Press (AP): Elsevier Ltd; 2017.##Cowan N. What are the differences between long-term,short-trm and working memory?. Progress in Brain Research. 2008; 169: 323-38.##Luck S, Hollingworth A. Visual memory. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.##Mitchell DJ, Cusack R, Cam-Can. Visual short-term through the lifespan: preserved benefits of context and metacognition. Psychology and Aging. 2018; 33(5): 841-54.##Brockmole JR, Logie RH. Age-related change in visual working memory: a studey of particpants age 8 -75. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013; 4(12): 1- 5.##Pardhan SH, Sapkota R, Vanderlinde L. How does aging affect visual short-term memory for identifying objects in their spatial locations. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2014; 55(13): 779. ##Vandenbos GR, editor. APA dictionary of psychology, 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2015.##Wiliams K, Kemper S. Interventions to reduce cognitive decline in aging. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2010; 48(5): 42-51.##Gordon-Salant S, Cole SS. Effect of age and working memory capacity on speech recognition performance in Noise among listener with normal hearing. Ear and Hearing. 2016; 37(5): 593-602.##Keating J, Affleck-Brodie C, Wiegand R, Morcom A. Aging, working memory capacity and the proactive control of recollection: an event-related potential study. Plos One. 2017; 12(7): 1-24.##Surti TS, Corbera S, Bell MD, Wexler BE. Successful computer-based visual training specifically predicts visual memory enhancement over verbal memory improvement in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2011; 132(2-3): 131-4.##Appelbaum LG, Cain MS, Echroeder JE, Darling EF, Mitroff SR. Strobscopic visual training improves information encoding in short-term memory. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. 2012; 74(8): 1681-91.##Arciniega H, Gozenman F, Jones K, Stephens J, Berryhill M. Frontoparietal tDCS benfits visual working memory in older adults with low working memory capacity. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2018; 10(57): 1-12.##Harden LA. A review of research on working memory and its importance in education of the deaf [MSc Thesis]. Washington University School of Medicine; 2011.##Schaie W, Willis Sh, editors. Handbook of the psychology of aging. 7th ed. London: Academic Press: 2011.##Gross A, Parisi J, Spira A, Kueider A, Ko J, Saczynski J, et al. Memory training intervention for older adults: a meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health. 2012; 16(6): 722-734.##Gathercole SE, Dunning DL, Holmes J, Norris D. Working memory training involves learning new skills. Journal of Memory and Language. 2019; 105: 19-42.##Borella E, Cantarella A, Carretti B, DeLucia A, DeBeni R. Improving everyday functioning in the old-old with a working memory training. American of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2019; 27(9): 975-83.##Wanmarker SW. The efficacy of working memory training on working memory capacity, psychopathology, and mental well-being [PhD thesis]. Netherlands, Erasmus University Rotterdam Press; 2014.##Rosi A, Signore FD, Canelli E, Allegri N, Bottiroli S, Vecchi T, et al. The effect of strategic memory training in older adults: who benfits most?. International Psychogeriatrics. 2018; 30(8): 1235-42.##Kihun C, Jaeho Y, Jinhwa J. Effects of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on upper extremity function and visual perception in stroke patients: a randomized control trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2012; 24(11): 1205-8.##Brady T, Stromer V, Shafer-Skelton A, Wiliams J, Chapman A, Schill H. Scaling up visual attention and visual working memory to the real world. In: Psychology of Learning and motivation. 2019; 70: 29-69.##Stuart-Hamilton L. The psychology of aging: an introduction, 4th ed. London: Phiadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2006.##Biyabangard E. Research methods in psychology and educational.Tehran: Doran Publication; 2010.##Marnat GG. Handbook of psychological assessment. 5th ed. New York: Wiley & Sons Publication; 2009.##Lichtenberger EO, Kaufman AS. Essentials of WAIS-IV assessment, second ed. New Jersey: Wiley; 2013.##Nazemzadeh Gooki L, Shams Esfandabad H. Effectiveness of medication, neurofeedback and combination therapy on memory space of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Applied Psychology. 2019; 13(2): 251-69.[Persian]##Mozafari M, Mehri Nejad SA, Peyvstegar M, Saghafinia M. Investigating cognitive complication following of mild traumatic brain injury in executive function and working memory of patients. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2018; 6(3): 37-46. [Persian] ##Marnat GG, Wright AJ. Handbook of psychological assessment. 6th ed. New York: Wiley & Sons Publication; 2016.##Afrooz GA, Hasanzadeh S, Hashemizadeh V, Ghasemzadeh S. The investigation and comparison of visual memory in hearing girl students and hearing impaired at 11 to 18 years in Tehran. Journal of Applied Psychological Research Quarterly. 2014; 4(4): 109-21. [Persian]##Dehn MJ, editor. Essentials of working memory assessment and intervention. New Jersy: Wiley; 2015.##Wilson B, Gracey F, Evans J, Bateman A. Neuropsychological rehabilitation theory, models,therapy and outcome. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.##Barton B, Brewer A. Visual working memory in human cortex. Psychology (irvine). 2013; 4(8): 655-62.##Bays PM, Gorgoraptis N, Wee N, Marshall L, Husain M. Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory. Journal of Vision. 2011: 11(10): 6.##Brewer AA, Liu J, Wade AR, Wandell BA. Visual field maps and stimulus selectivity in human ventral occipital cortex. Nature Neuroscience. 2005; 8: 1102-09.##Kolster H, Peeters R, Orban GA. The retinotopic organization of the human middle temporal area MT/V5 and its cortical neighbors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2010; 30(29): 9801- 20. ##Brown LA., Wesley RW. Visual working memory is enhanced by mixed strategy use and semantic coding. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2013; 25(3): 328-38.##Harrison TL, Shipstead Z, Hicks KL, Hambrick DZ, Redick TS, Engle RW. Working memory training may increase working memory capacity but not fluid intelligence. Psychological Science. 2013; 24(12): 2409-19.##Schwarb H, Nail J, Schumacher EH. Working memory training improves visual short-term memory capacity. Psychological Research. 2016; 80(1): 128-148.##Lachman ME. Neupert SD, Bertrand R, Jette AM. The effects of strength training on memory in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2006; 14(1): 59-73. ##Kronenberger WG, Pisoni D, Henning SC, Colson BG, Hazard LM. Working memory training for children with cochlear implants. A pilot study. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research. 2011; 54(4): 1182-96. ##Wilson B, Gracey F, Evans J, Bateman A. Neuropsychological rehabilitation theory, models, therapy and outcome. Combridge. Cambridge University Press; 2009. ##Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Sekiguchi A, Kotozaki Y, Nakagawa S, et al. Neural plasticity in amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, cortical hub construction, regional homogeneity resulting from working memory training. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1470): 1-9.##Cassetta B, Goghari VM. Working memory and processing speed training in schizophernia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016; 17(49): 1-16.## ##

Elders Being Happy and the Influencing Factors in Shivamogga, Karnataka, India 2 2 Introduction:India ranks 4th in the elderly population. Ageing play an important role in the well being and associated factors. The present study was conducted to understand the feeling of the elderly residing in urban and rural areas of Shivamogga, Karnataka southern India.  Methods: The study was conducted on 200 elderly by a questionnaire on their socio- demographic profile, health, residing place, lifestyle, life satisfaction, dissatisfaction, culture, tradition, the role of technology and government. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient.  Results:For most of the analysed factors rural elders had shown strong positive correlation compared to urban elders. Health condition is positively significant in rural elders (rs = 0.76, p > 0.05), when compared to urban elders (rs = 0.67, p > 0.05), the place of residing is having strong correlation with rural (rs = 0.97, p > 0.05), because they reside in their own home then urban (rs = 0.56, p > 0.05), as they reside in rented house hence their attachment to rented house is less than own home.  Conclusion: The elders of rural-urban areas of shivamogga had shown positive significance with the selected factors, but the strong inclination is towards rural elders. The rural-urban divide and emotional psychological behaviours need further investigation 116 121 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/282020/05/62020/07/2 1399/4/12 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/152020/12/72020/12/7 1399/9/17 Gungurumale Laxminarasimhacharya Janardhana Gungurumale Laxminarasimhacharya Janardhana Elder’s Life Exhilaration Centre, Jnana Sagara Nave Trust, Rathnakaranagar, Opposite University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Abbalagere, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India India Nanda Appaji Nanda Appaji Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Bioscience Complex, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India India escnanda@gmail.com Dementia Music Therapy Behavioral Symptoms Well-Being Dementia Care Mapping Directory of Old Age Homes in India. New Delhi: Research and Development Division, Help Age India [Internet]. 2003 [cited 22 Jun 2020]. Available from: https://www.helpageindia.org/wp-content/themes/helpageindia/pdf/EHSIO80.pdf##Census of India. Provisional population totals. [Internet]. 2011 [cited 25 Jun 2020]. Available from: https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/pov_popu_total_presentation_2011.pdf##United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects, the 2008 revision. [Internet]. 2008 [cited 25 Jun 2020]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/trends/population-prospects.asp##Jamuna, D. Issues of elder care and elder abuse in the Indian context. Journal of Aging Social Policy. 2003; (15): 125-142.##Rajan, SI. Social assistance for poor elderly: How effective?. Economic and Political Weekly. 2001; 36(8): 613–617.##Rajan, SI, Kumar S. Living arrangements among Indian elderly: New evidence from National Family Health Survey. Economic and Political Weekly. 2003; 38(3): 75–80.##Central Statistics Office Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation Government of India. Situation analysis of the elderly in India [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274093346_Association_of_Systemic_Diseases_with_Cutaneous_Dermatosis_in_Elderly_Population_Preliminary_Observation_at_a_Rural_Tertiary_Care_Centre/fulltext/55dbd61b08ae9d6594936bc6/Association-of-Systemic-Diseases-with-Cutaneous-Dermatosis-in-Elderly-Population-Preliminary-Observation-at-a-Rural-Tertiary-Care-Centre.pdf##Usha, VK, Lalitha K. Social problems of senior citizens. Nightingale Nursing Times. 2011; 7 (7): 12-15.##United Nations. World Population Ageing 1950-2050. United States: the University of California; 2002.##World Health Organization. WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life. [Internet]. 1997 [cited 26 Jun 2020]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63482/WHO_MSA_MNH_PSF_97.4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y##United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Ageing Principles for older persons. [Internet]. 1999. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/ageing/resources/international-year-of-older-persons-1999/principles.html##Shubha S. Elder Abuse in India [Internet]. New Delhi: Qutab Institutional Area; 2002 [cited 29 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ageing/projects/elder_abuse/alc_ea_ind.pdf##Giridhar, G, Sathyanarayana KM, James KS. Population ageing in India. Delhi: Cambridge University Press; 2014.##Zar, J. Biostatistical Analysis. 5th ed. Singapore: Pearson; 2007.##Government of India. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation [Internet]. 2016. Available from: www.mospi.gov.in##Baltes, MM, Smith J. New frontiers in the future of aging: from successful aging of the fourth age. Gerontology. 2003; 49(2): 123-35.##Scocco, P, Fantoni G, Caon F. Role of depressive and cognitive status in self-reported evaluation of quality of life in older people: comparing proxy and physician perspectives. Age and Ageing. 2006; 35(2): 166-71.##Bhardwaj AM, Sen A, Mathur D. Life satisfaction in depressed and non-depressed elderly people. Indian Journal of Community Guidance Service. 1991; 18: 49-55.##Bhatia, HS. Ageing and Society: A Sociological study of Retired Public Servants. Aryas Book Center; 1983.##Iyer V. Old age protection in agglomeration of a developing economy: An integration analysis, Ageing and Human Development. 2003; 1 (3): 241-50.##World Health Organization. Nutrition for older persons. [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ageing/en/ ##World Health Organization. Towards policy for health and ageing. [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/mip/2003/other_documents/en/E%20AAE%20Towards%20Policy%20for%20Health%20and%20Ageing.pdf ##Song Y, Ma W, Yi X, Wang S, Sun X, Tian J, et al. Chronic diseases knowledge and related factors among the elderly in Jinan, China. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6): e68599.##World Health Organization. Key policy issues in long-term care. Geneva: WHO Press. [Internet]. 2003. Available from: https://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/policy_issues_ltc.pdf##World Health Organization. Constitution of the world health organization [Internet]. 2006. Available from: https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf ##Gabriel Z, Bowling A. Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Aging & Society. 2004; 24(5): 675-91.##Thanakwang K. Family support, anticipated support, negative interaction, and psychological well-being of older parents in Thailand. Psychogeriatrics. 2015; 15(3): 171-8.##Forouzandeh, S, Foroughan M, Hosseini MA, Farhadi A, Biglarian A. The relationship of nursing home caregivers’ awareness and attitude towards elderlies with their job. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 9(3): 445-52. [Persian]##Government of India. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 [Internet]. 2007. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6831/1/maintenance_and_welfare_of_parents_and_senior_citizens_act.pdf## ##

Evaluation of a Music Intervention on Well-being and Behavior of People with Dementia Using Dementia Care Mapping 2 2 Introduction: Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) was originally developed as an observation tool to examine person-centered care in long-term care facilities and to evaluate the quality of life and well-being of people with dementia (PwD). However, the effects of a music intervention using this tool have not been investigated so far. This leads to the following research question: How does a music intervention which involves music therapy and other music-based interventions affect the observed well-being and behavior of PwD living in nursing homes?  Methods: In this 14-week, non-controlled music intervention study, data from 30 PwD aged between 52 and 97 (M = 81.4 years) were analyzed. DCM coding involves continuous observation for five hours on four days in the baseline and intervention phase. In the follow-up phase PwD were mapped on two days for five hours. The DCM method were used to measure well-being and certain behaviors of PwD.  Results: The well-being during the observation remained almost constant and corresponds to a neutral state of affect and focused contact, with no indication of positive or negative sensations. Significant improvements in certain behaviors were observed in the course from baseline to intervention phase. For example, it was shown that physical activities of the participants, such as (instructed) sports exercises, strengthening or physically challenging exercises in the intervention phase were significantly higher (M = 0.99, SD = 1.82) than at baseline phase (M = 0.00, SD = 0.00) (z = -2.37, p = .02, n = 26). Similar results were shown for expressive/creative activities or work-related activities (e.g. washing dishes). Conclusion: In summary, it can be stated that music interventions can promote communication and movement. However, musical stimulation is not one of the essential components of improving behavioral and psychological symptoms or well-being for PwD in nursing homes. 122 130 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/282020/05/62020/07/22020/07/16 1399/4/26 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/152020/12/72020/12/72020/10/5 1399/7/14 Dahms Rebecca Dahms Rebecca Geriatrics Research Group, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Germany rebecca.dahms@charite.de Cornelia Eicher Cornelia Eicher Geriatrics Research Group, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Germany Drin Ferizaj Drin Ferizaj Geriatrics Research Group, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Germany Dementia Music Therapy Behavioral Symptoms Well-Being Dementia Care Mappin World Health Organization (WHO). Dementia [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia##Alzheimer’s Association. What Is Dementia? [Internet]. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. 2020 [cited 2020 May 22]. Available from: https://alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia##Dilling Ht, Mombour W, Schmidt MH, World Health Organization. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: ICD-10, Kapitel V (‎F)- klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2020 May 20]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38221##OECD. Addressing dementia - the OECD response [Internet]. OECD iLibrary: 2015 [cited 2020 May 22]. Available from: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/addressing-dementia_9789264231726-en##Alzheimer's Disease International, Wimo A, Ali GC, Guerchet M, Prince M, Prina M, et al. World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2015/##Alzheimer Disease International. Improving dementia care worldwide: ideas and advice on developing and implementing a national dementia plan [Internet]. London; 2013. P 60. Available from: https://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/global-dementia-plan-report-ENGLISH.pdf##Testad I, Aasland AM, Aarsland D. Prevalence and correlates of disruptive behavior in patients in Norwegian nursing homes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007; 22(9): 916–21. ##Sury L, Burns K, Brodaty H. Moving in: adjustment of people living with dementia going into a nursing home and their families. International Psychogeriatrics. 2013; 25(6): 867–76. ##Auer SR, Höfler M, Linsmayer E, Beránková A, Prieschl D, Ratajczak P, et al. Cross-sectional study of prevalence of dementia, behavioural symptoms, mobility, pain and other health parameters in nursing homes in Austria and the Czech Republic: results from the DEMDATA project. BMC Geriatrics. 2018; 18(178): 1-13. ##Jørgensen LB, Thorleifsson BM, Selbæk G, Šaltytė Benth J, Helvik A-S. Physical diagnoses in nursing home residents - is dementia or severity of dementia of importance?. BMC Geriatrics. 2018; 18: 1-14. ##Ahmed M, Malik M, Teselink J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. Current agents in development for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. Drugs & Aging. 2019; 36(7): 589–605. ##Gómez-Romero M, Jiménez-Palomares M, Rodríguez-Mansilla J, Flores-Nieto A, Garrido-Ardila EM, González-López-Arza MV. Benefits of music therapy on behaviour disorders in subjects diagnosed with dementia: A systematic review. Neurología (English Edition). 2017; 32(4): 253–63. ##Shimizu N, Umemura T, Matsunaga M, Hirai T. Effects of movement music therapy with a percussion instrument on physical and frontal lobe function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Aging & Mental Health. 2018; 22(12): 1614–26. ##Gómez Gallego M, Gómez García J. Music therapy and Alzheimer’s disease: Cognitive, psychological, and behavioural effects. Neurología (English Edition). 2017; 32(5): 300–8. ##Tsoi KKF, Chan JYC, Ng Y-M, Lee MMY, Kwok TCY, Wong SYS. Receptive music therapy is more effective than interactive music therapy to relieve behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2018; 19(7): 568-576. ##Elliott M, Gardner P. The role of music in the lives of older adults with dementia ageing in place: A scoping review. Dementia. 2018; 17(2): 199–213. ##Huber A, Oppikofer S, Meister L, Langensteiner F, Meier N, Seifert A. Music & memory: the impact of individualized music listening on depression, agitation, and positive emotions in persons with dementia. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2020; 1–15. ##Liesk J, Hartogh T, Kalbe E. Kognitive stimulation und musikintervention bei stationär versorgten menschen mit demenz: eine pilotstudie, probleme und perspektiven. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie + Geriatrie. 2015; 48(3): 275–81. ##Cho HK. The effects of music therapy-singing group on quality of life and affect of persons with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Medicine. 2018; 5: 1-13.##Thomas KS, Baier R, Kosar C, Ogarek J, Trepman A, Mor V. Individualized music program is associated with improved outcomes for U.S. nursing home residents with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2017; 25(9): 931–8. ##Hebert CA, Hancock K, McConnell ES. Implementation of individualized music in long-term care: application of the PARiHS framework. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2018; 44(8): 29–38. ##Weise L, Jakob E, Töpfer NF, Wilz G. Study protocol: individualized music for people with dementia - improvement of quality of life and social participation for people with dementia in institutional care. BMC Geriatrics. 2018; 18(313): 1-8. ##Weise L, Töpfer NF, Deux J, Wilz G. Feasibility and effects of individualized recorded music for people with dementia: A pilot RCT study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2020; 29(1): 39–56. ##Kitwood T. The dialectics of dementia: with particular reference to Alzheimer’s disease. Ageing & Society. 1990; 10(2): 177–96. ##Kitwood T, Bredin K. Towards a theory of dementia care: personhood and well-being. Ageing & Society. 1992; 12(3): 269–87. ##Dichter MN, Quasdorf T, Schwab CGG, Trutschel D, Haastert B, Riesner C, et al. Dementia care mapping: effects on residents’ quality of life and challenging behavior in German nursing homes. A quasi-experimental trial. International Psychogeriatrics. 2015; 27(11): 1875–92. ##Surr CA, Griffiths AW, Kelley R. Implementing Dementia Care Mapping as a practice development tool in dementia care services: a systematic review [Internet]. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2018 [cited 2019 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/implementing-dementia-care-mapping-as-a-practice-development-tool-in-d-peer-reviewed-article-CIA##Kitwood T. Person and process in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1993; 8(7): 541–5. ##Tang Q, Zhou Y, Yang S, Wong TKS, Smith GD, Yang Z, et al. Effect of music intervention on apathy in nursing home residents with dementia. Geriatric Nursing. 2018; 39(4): 471–6. ##Han JW, Lee H, Hong JW, Kim K, Kim T, Byun HJ, et al. Multimodal cognitive enhancement therapy for patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: a multi- center, randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2017; 55(2): 787–96. ##Innes A, Surr C. Measuring the well-being of people with dementia living in formal care settings: The use of dementia care mapping. Aging & Mental Health. 2001; 5(3): 258–68. ##Sloane PD, Brooker D, Cohen L, Douglass C, Edelman P, Fulton BR, et al. Dementia care mapping as a research tool. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007; 22(6): 580–9. ##Surr CA, Walwyn REA, Lilley-Kelly A, Cicero R, Meads D, Ballard C, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Dementia Care mapping TM to enable person-centred care for people with dementia and their carers (DCM-EPIC) in care homes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016; 17(1): 1-17. ##Beavis D, Simpson S, Graham I. A literature review of dementia care mapping: methodological considerations and efficacy. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2002; 9(6): 725–36. ##Chenoweth L, Jeon Y-H. Determining the efficacy of dementia care mapping as an outcome measure and a process for change: A pilot study. Aging & Mental Health. 2007; 11(3): 237–45. ##Villar F, Vila-Miravent J, Celdrán M, Fernández E. Assessing the well-being of patients with dementia: validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) tool / La evaluación del bienestar en pacientes con demencia: validez y fiabilidad de la versión española del Dementia Care Mapping (DCM). Estudios de Psicología. 2015; 36(2): 389–412.## ##

Care Dependency and Diabetes Self-Care Activities in Elderly Individuals with Diabetes 2 2 Introduction: Changing lifestyle, physical inactivity, and obesity lead to increased diabetes prevalence in the elderly. Diabetes management involves self-care activities, such as medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, use of pharmacologic agent, self-monitoring of blood glucose, foot care, and smoking cessation. Physiological, biological, mental changes that show up with aging and the physiological profile of the elderly individuals can increase care dependency. This study aimed to evaluate the level of care dependency in elderly individuals with diabetes and their diabetes self-care activities and to determine the adaptable factors related to care.  Methods: This descriptive study sampled 136 elderly individuals aged over 65 who presented to the outpatient diabetes center of a hospital in Turkey during 2019. The data were collected using an "Introductory Information Form", the "Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire", and the "Nursing Care Dependency Scale". The data were analyzed on SPSS software package using descriptive statistics, the Spearman correlation test, student T-test, and one way ANOVA. Results: The mean age of the participants was 71.9 ± 5.652. Regarding the self-care activities of the participants, the lowest mean score was in the exercise domain (2.15 ± 2.01), and the highest mean score was in the foot care domain (6.03 ± 2.02). The mean care dependency score of the participants was 84.6 ± 1.26, which meant slight dependency. As for the mean care dependency score of the participants, the lowest mean score belonged to memory (4.91 ± 0.43) and mobility (4.91 ± 0.28) domains. The mean care dependency score of the participants who did not receive diabetes training (84.86 ± 0.59) was higher than those who did (84.22 ± 1.90) (p < 0.05). The increase in the care dependency scores of the participants also increased their general diet, special diet and foot care scores. Conclusion: Assessment of diabetes self-care activities together with care dependence in elderly people can be used to plan personalized diabetes management. 131 139 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/282020/05/62020/07/22020/07/162020/08/28 1399/6/7 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/152020/12/72020/12/72020/10/52020/12/19 1399/9/29 Emine Ekici Emine Ekici Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uskudar University İstanbul, İstanbul,Turkey Turkey emine.ekici@uskudar.edu.tr Kızılcı Sevgi Kızılcı Sevgi Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uskudar University İstanbul, İstanbul,Turkey Turkey Üner Ezgi Üner Ezgi Diabetes and Obesity Treatment Center, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey Belli Melike Belli Melike Diabetes and Obesity Treatment Center, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey Aged Self Care Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care International Deiabetes Federation. IDF DIABETES ATLAS. 9th ed. 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/resources/##The Ministry of Health of Turkey, General Directorate of Primary Health Care. Turkey Diabetes Prevention and Control Program (2011-2014). Ankara; 2011. [cited 2020 Jul 28] Available from: http://www.diabetcemiyeti.org/c/turkiye-diyabet-onleme-ve-kontrol-programi.## Yümin TE, Bakar Y, Şimşek TT. The effect of diabetes on quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. Turkey Clinics Journal of Sports Sciences. 2017; 9(2): 77-86. [Turkish]##Coşansu, Gülhan (Kuzu); Cons. Semra Erdoğan. Self-care activities and cognitive-social factors related to diabetes in type 2 diabetics. [PhD thesis] İstanbul University; 2009 [cited 2020 Mar 24]. Available from: İstanbul University Library E-Reserve.## World Health Organization. Diabetes [Internet]. 2020. Availabel from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1##Ministry of Health, Public Health Agency of Turkey. Turkey cardiovascular control program 2015-2020. T. C. Ministry of Health Publication No: 988##Turkey Endocrinology and metabolism society diagnosis, treatment and follow-up guide of diabetes mellitus and complications 2019. 14th Edition, Bayt Publishing House, Ankara##Usluoğlu H, Güngörmüş Z. The relationship between the self-efficacy of diabetic patients and self-care activities. Social Science Studies Journal. 2018; 4(21): 3165-70##World Health Organization. Integrated care for older people guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity. World Health Organization; 2017. [cited 15 Jun 2020]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258981/9789241550109-eng.pdf?sequence=1##World Health Organization. Global Aging and health [Internet]. 2018. [cited 15 Jul 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf ## World Health Organization. Aging and health: key facts [Internet]. 2018. [cited 29 Jul 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health##Berberoğlu U, Gül H, Eskiocak M, Ekuklu G, Saltık A. Some socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly staying in Edirne Nursing Home and daily life activities according to Katz Index. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics. 2002; 5(4): 144-149. [Turkish]##Schüssler S, Dassen T, Lohrmann C. Care dependency and nursing care problems in nursing home residents with and without dementia: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2014; 28(5): 973-72. ##Boggatz T, Dijkstra A, Lohrmann C, Dassen T. The meaning of care dependency as shared by care givers and care recipients: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008; 60(5): 561-9. ##Dennis C. Self-care deficit theory of nursing: concepts and applications. 7 ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001.##American Diabetes Association. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42 (1): 46–60.##Hornick T, Aron DC. Managing diabetes in the elderly: go easy, individualize. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2008; 75(1): 70–8. ##Akman H, Olgun N. Erişkin Tip 2 Diyabetli Bireylerin Bilgi Eksikliği ve 12 Diyabet Eğitimleri ile İlişkili Deneyimleri Niteliksel Araştırma. Diyabet Obezite ve Hipertansiyon’da Hemşirelik Forumu. 2019; 11(1): 12-18. [Turkish]##Dijkstra A, Tiesinga LJ, Plantinga L, Veltman G, Dassen TW. Diagnostic accuracy of the care depency scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005; 50(4): 410-16. ##Janssen DJ, Franssen FM, Wouters EF, Schols J. M, Spruit MA. Impaired health status and care dependency in patients with advanced COPD or chronic heart failure. Quality of Life Research: an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2011; 20(10): 1679–88. ##Köberich S, Lohrmann C, Dassen T. Care dependency in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure- a secondary data analysis of German prevalence studies. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2013; 28(4): 665-74. ##Dijkstra A, Hakverdioğlu G, Muszalik M, Andela R, Korhan EA, Kornatowska KK. Health related quality of life and care dependency among elderly hospital patients; an international comparison. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2015; 235(3): 193-200.##Boggatz T, Farid T, Mohammedin A, Dijkstra A, Lohrmann C, Dassen T. Socio‐demographic factors related to functional limitations and care dependency among older Egyptians. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2010; 66(5): 1047–58. ##Doroszkiewicz H, Sierakowska M. Factors associated with risk of care dependency in disabled geriatric patients. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2020.##Doroszkiewicz H, Sierakowska M, Muszalik M. Utility of the Nursing-nursing-care dependency scale in predicting care needs and health risks of elderly patients admitted to a geriatric unit: a cross-sectional study of 200 consecutive patients. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2018; 8(13): 887-94. ##Koller D, Schön G, Schäfer I, Glaeske G, Van den Bussche H, Hansen H. Multimorbidity and long-term care dependency--a five-year follow-up. BMC Geriatrics. 2014; 14(70): 1-9. ##Peyrot M, Rubin, R. R. Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: A conceptual review. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(10): 2433–40. ##Reed J, Clarke LC, Mcfarlane A. Trans. Ed: Karadakovan, A. Elderly care nursing. Nobel Medical Bookstore. Ankara; 2014.##Yönt GH, Akın Korhan E, Khorshid L, Eşer İ, Dijkstra A. Validity and reliability of nursing-care dependency scale in elderly individuals. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics Special Issue 2010; (13): 71. [Turkish] ##American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm ##Kılıç HF, Cevheroğlu,S, Görgülü S. Determining the level of care dependence of patients hospitalized in internal medicine and surgery clinics. Dokuz Eylul University School of Nursing Electronics Journal. 2017; 10(1): 22-8. [Turkish]##Korhan EA, Yönt HG, TokemY, Karadağ Ö, Sarıoğlu E, Yıldız K. Determining the level of care dependence of patients hospitalized in internal medicine and surgery clinics. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences. 2013; 16(4): 199-204.##Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The summary of diabetes self-care activities; measure result from 7 studies and revised scale. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(7): 943- 50. ##Dijkstra A, Brown L, Havens B, Romeren TL, Zanotti R, Dassen T, et al. An international psychometric testing of the nursing-care dependency (NCD) scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2000; 31(4): 944–52.##Çuhadar D, Sertbaş G, Tutkun H. Relationship between level of cognitive functions and activities of daily life at elderly people who live in rest home. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 7(4): 232-9. ##Minosso J, Amendola F, Alvarenga M, Oliveira M. Validation of the Barthel ındex in elderly patients attended in outpatient clinics, in Brazil. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2010; 23(2) :218-23 ##Fisher HM, McCabe S. Managing chronic conditions for elderly adults: the VNS CHOICE model. Health Care Financing Review. 2005; 27(1): 33–45.##Buss A, Ostermann KA, Dassen T, Lahman N,Strupeit S. Effectiveness of educational nursing home visits on quality of life, functional status and care dependency in older adults with mobility impairments: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2015; 22(2): 213-21. ##Doroszkiewicz H, Sierakowska M. Factors associated with risk of care dependency in disabled geriatric patients. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2020: 1-9.##Li G, Wang X, Liu L, Tong W. The care dependency of patients after laparoscopic abdominal surgery and associated factors in China. Applied Nursing Research. 2017; 38: 95-8. ##Tuncay ÖF, Fertelli KT. Care dependency and related factors in patients with chronic renal failure. Kocaeli Medical Journal. 2020; 9(1): 32-40.##Türk G, Üstün R. Determination of the care dependency of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dokuz Eylul University School of Nursing Electronics Journal. 2018; 11 (1): 19-25. ## Ünsal E, Kızılcı S. Relationship between knowledge level, self-care agency and HgA1c level of individuals with diabetes. Dokuz Eylul University School of Nursing Electronics Journal. 2009; 2(2): 16-26. [Turkish]##Söderhamn U, Bachrach-Lindström M, Ek A-C. Self-care ability and sense of coherence in older nutritional at-risk patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 62(1): 96–103 ##Erkoç A, Yürügen B, Tan M, Altan E, Malazgirtli İ. Foot care behaviors among nursing home residents with diabetes. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences: 2015; 4(2): 194-203. [Turkish]## ##

Definitions and Theories of Elder Abuse 2 2 Old age is one of the most crucial stages of human development that encompasses the dynamics of biological processes, perception, growth and development and maturity, as a natural process of life. The elderly as one of the vulnerable groups, they face different biological, psychological and social needs. As the population gets older, the elderly will need more support in their daily activities, and these will put more pressure on family members. Failure of families to take care of the elderly as well as specific social conditions such as urbanization, modernization, change in traditional values, contradiction of the new and old generation value system, and failure to accept care of an elderly family enables the family to fulfill its role and duties. In such circumstances, the elderly may be at risk of domestic elder abuse. Elder abuse is in fact the intentional or unintentional behavior of the elderly, which may be of a physical, emotional or psychological nature and may cause complications such as unnecessary suffering, injury or physical pain, violating the human rights and impairing the quality of life of the elderly person. The present study aimed to provide definitions and theories of elder abuse. 140 145 2018/05/282019/04/72019/04/112019/06/282019/12/242020/03/282020/05/62020/07/22020/07/162020/08/282020/08/11 1399/5/21 2020/12/242020/10/62020/11/142020/09/262020/12/22020/11/152020/12/72020/12/72020/10/52020/12/192020/12/8 1399/9/18 Fardaneh Gholipour Fardaneh Gholipour Department of Nursing, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Iran Zahra Khalili Zahra Khalili Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Iran khalili.nurse@gmail.com Mehdi Abbasian Mehdi Abbasian Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Theory Elder Abuse Aged Dong XQ. Elder abuse: systematic review and implications for practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2015; 63(6): 1214-38.##Lachs MS, Pillemer KA. Elder abuse. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373(20): 1947-56.##Wang XM, Brisbin S, Loo T, Straus S. Elder abuse: an approach to identification, assessment and intervention. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2015; 187(8): 575-81.##Mysyuk Y, Westendorp RG, Lindenberg J. Older persons’ definitions and explanations of elder abuse in the Netherlands. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. 2016; 28(2): 95-113.##Khalili Z. The prevalence of elder abuse and its related factors in Kashan [MSc. thesis]. Kashan: Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; 2015.##Yunus RM, Hairi NN, Choo WY. Consequences of elder abuse and neglect: A systematic review of observational studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2019; 20(2): 197-213.##Cooper C, Selwood A, Livingston G. The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect: a systematic review. Age and Ageing. 2008; 37(2): 151-60.##Bonnie RJ, Wallace RB, editors. Elder mistreatment: Abuse, neglect, and exploitation in an aging America. Washington: National Academies Press; 2003.##Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. The world report on violence and health. The Lancet. 2002; 360(9339): 1083-8.##Soares J, Barros H, Torres-Gonzales F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, Lamura G, Lindert J, et al. Abuse and health among elderly in Europe. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Press; 2010.##Yon Y, Mikton C, Gassoumis ZD, Wilber KH. The prevalence of self-reported elder abuse among older women in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2019; 20(2): 245-59.##Pritchard J. Male victims of elder abuse: Their experiences and needs. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2001.##World Health Organization. Elder abuse [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/elder_abuse/en/.##Corbi G, Grattagliano I, Sabbà C, Fiore G, Spina S, Ferrara N, et al. Elder abuse: perception and knowledge of the phenomenon by healthcare workers from two Italian hospitals. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2019; 14(4): 549-55.##Rosen T, Bloemen EM, LoFaso VM, Clark S, Flomenbaum NE, Breckman R, et al. Acute precipitants of physical elder abuse: qualitative analysis of legal records from highly adjudicated cases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2019; 34(12): 2599-623.##Lachs MS, Pillemer K. Elder abuse. Lancet. 2004; 364(9441): 1263-72.##Roberto KA. The complexities of elder abuse. The American Psychologist. 2016; 71(4): 302-11.##Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M, Amstadter AB, Resnick HS, Steve K, Muzzy W, et al. Prevalence and correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse and potential neglect in the United States: the national elder mistreatment study. American Journal of Public Health. 2009; 100(2): 292-7.##Flores RJ, Campo-Arias A, Stimpson JP, Chalela CM, Reyes-Ortiz CA. The association between past sexual abuse and depression in older adults from Colombia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2017; 31(1): 13-8.##Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: US preventive services task force final recommendation statement. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018; 320(16): 1678-87.##Yan E, Tang CS-K. Prevalence and psychological impact of Chinese elder abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2001; 16(11): 1158-74.##Duke Han S, Olsen BJ, Mosqueda LA. Elder abuse identification and intervention. In: Ravdin L., Katzen H, editors. Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia. Clinical Handbooks in Neuropsychology. Springer; 2019. P 197-203.##Lachs MS, Pillemer K. Abuse and neglect of elderly persons. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 332(7): 437-43.##Adigun OO, Mikhail, AG, Krawiec C, Hatcher JD. Abuse and neglect [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Availabel from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436015/##Lee S. Financial elder abuse: a (Dis) confirmatory analysis. 18 May 2019. Available From: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3391674 ##Van Den Bruele AB, Dimachk M, Crandall M. Elder abuse. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2019; 35(1): 103-13. ##Morris J. Elderly Abuse. Murray State University; 2019. Available From: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1201&context=bis437##Aitken L, Griffin G. Gender issues in elder abuse: London: Sage; 1996.##Roberto KA, Teaster PB. Theorizing elder abuse. Elder abuse. In: Dong X, editors. Elder Abuse. Springer; 2017. P 21-41.##Barbara Berkman D, Harootyan L, editors. Social work and health care in an aging society: education, policy, practice, and research. Springer Publishing Company; 2003.##Moore S. The relativity of theory: applying theories of social psychology to illuminate the causes of the abuse of older people in care homes. Journal of Adult Protection. 2019; 21(2): 89-110.##Minkler M, Estes CL. Readings in the political economy of aging. Routledge; 2019.##Abolfathi Momtaz Y, Hamid TA, Ibrahim R. Theories and measures of elder abuse. Psychogeriatrics. 2013; 13(3): 182-8.##Henderson D, Buchanan JA, Fisher JE. Violence and the elderly population: Issues for prevention. In: Schewe PA, editor. Preventing violence in relationships: Interventions across the life span. American Psychological Association; 2002. P 223–45.##Haggerty KL, Griffith J, McGuire J, Molnar B. Elder mistreatment and social network composition: an exploratory study. Social Networks. 2019; 59: 23-30.##Fulmer TT, O'Malley TA. Inadequate care of the elderly: a health care perspective on abuse and neglect. Churchill Livingstone; 1987.##Carp FM. Elder abuse in the family: an interdisciplinary model for research. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2000. ##Akers RL, Jennings WG. The social learning theory of crime and deviance. In: Krohn M., Hendrix N., Penly Hall G., Lizotte A. (eds) Handbook on Crime and Deviance. Springer; 2019. P113-29.##Walker K, Bowen E. The Psychology of Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse. In: DLL, Day A, Hollin CR, editors. The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; ‌ 2019. P 206-20.##De Donder L, Van Regenmortel S, Lambotte D, De Witte N, Verté D. Elder Abuse and Mistreatment in Flanders: Prevalence and Prevention. In: Shankardass M. editor. International Handbook of Elder Abuse and Mistreatment. Springer; 2020. P 295-309.## ##