Social Distance in COVID-19 Pandemic and Older Adults Populations 2 2 This article has no abstract. 1 2 2020/11/29 1399/9/9 2021/06/27 1400/4/6 Reza Bidaki Reza Bidaki Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran reza.bidaki111@gmail.com Fatemeh Sadat Mirzadeh Fatemeh Sadat Mirzadeh Department of Geriatric & Gerontology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran fatima_mirzadeh@yahoo.com COVID-19 Social distance Aged Emerson KG. Coping with being cooped up: Social distancing during COVID-19 among 60+ in the United States. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2020; 44(8): 1-7.##Stirling Uo. Social distancing is increasing loneliness in older adults. ScienceDaily. 2020, November 09. Available from: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201109110230.htm.##Charles ST, Carstensen LL. Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology. 2010; 61: 383-409.##Van Orden KA, Bower E, Lutz J, Silva C, Gallegos AM, Podgorski CA, et al. Strategies to promote social connections among older adults during ‘social distancing’restrictions. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020: 1-12.##O’Rourke HM, Collins L, Sidani S. Interventions to address social connectedness and loneliness for older adults: a scoping review. BMC Geriatrics. 2018; 18(1): 1-13.##Cacioppo S, Grippo AJ, London S, Goossens L, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2015; 10(2): 238-49.##Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry. Heart. 2016; 102(13): 987-9.##Jawaid A. Protecting older adults during social distancing. Science. 2020; 368(6487): 145.## ##

Personal Mastery and All-Cause Mortality among Older Americans Living with Diabetes 2 2 Introduction: Higher personal mastery is associated with better physical functioning, wellbeing, and longevity among older populations. However, few studies have focused on whether personal mastery is protective against mortality among older adults living with diabetes over time. Methods: A total of 1,779 participants were identified from an off-year survey of the Health and Retirement Study. Proportional Hazard Models were used to evaluate the significance of selected variables in predicting the survival of participants over a 13-year period. Results: A substantial proportion (46.7%) of the diabetic patients had survived by the end of 2016. Adults with lower mastery scores were more likely to die (Hazard Ratio = .94, p < .001). Gender differences in the association patterns between personal mastery and survival were identified. Personal mastery had an independent health-protective effect on the survival of diabetes patients over the study period. With lower educational attainment, the foreign-born female diabetics scored higher in personal mastery measure when compared to their male counterparts. In the face of more severe diabetes comorbidity, foreign-born female diabetics also outlived their male counterparts over the study period. Conclusion: As a crucial psychological resource and a modifiable factor, personal mastery holds a potential for improving the health status among lower SES groups of older adults. Further investigations into the identified gender difference could be applied to break the cycle of poor health among lower Socio-Economic Status groups of older adults. 3 10 2020/11/292021/02/14 1399/11/26 2021/06/272021/04/7 1400/1/18 Ho-Jui Tung Ho-Jui Tung Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America United States of America htung@georgiasouthern.edu Ming-Chin Yeh Ming-Chin Yeh Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America United States of America Randall Ford Randall Ford Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America United States of America Gulzar Shah Gulzar Shah Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America United States of America Personal Mastery Aged Diabetes Mortality Immigrants Laiteerapong N, Huang ES. 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Longer—but harder—lives?: the Hispanic health paradox and the social determinants of racial, ethnic, and immigrant–native health disparities from midlife through late life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2019; 60(4): 434–52.##Lariscy JT, Hummer RA, Hayward MD. Hispanic older adult mortality in the United States: new estimates and an assessment of factors shaping the Hispanic paradox. Demography. 2015; 52(1): 1–14.##Treas J, Gubernskaya Z. Immigration, aging, and the life course. In: Ferraro K, George L, Editors. Handbook of aging and social sciences. 8nd ed. Elsevier; 2016.##Pearlin LI. The life course and the stress process: some conceptual comparisons. The Journal of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2010; 65B(2): 207–15.##Thoits PA. Stress and health: major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2010; 51: S41–53.##Mitchell UA, Ailshire JA, Brown LL, Levine ME, Crimmins EM. Education and psychosocial functioning among older adults: 4-year change in sense of control and hopelessness. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2018; 73(5): 849-59.##Pearlin LI, Lieberman M, Menaghan EG, Mullan JT. The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1981; 22(4): 337–56.##Szabó Á, Klokgieters SS, Kok AAL, Tilburg TGV, Huisman M. Psychological resilience in the context of disability: a study with Turkish and Moroccan young-old immigrants living in the Netherlands. The Gerontologist. 2020; 60(2): 259–69.##Savla J, Wang Z, Zhu J, Brossoie N, Roberto KA, Blieszner R. Mastery and longevity in spousal caregivers of persons with dementia. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2020; 75(7): 1558-62.##Cooper R, Huisman M, Kuh D, Deeg DJH. 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Effectiveness of Morita Therapy on Emotional Distress and Social Isolation of Older Adult Women with Chronic Knee Pain 2 2 Introduction: People do health care not only to diagnose and relieve pain but also to reduce pain, anxiety, and loneliness in their daily lives. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Morita therapy among older women suffering from emotional distress and social isolation with chronic knee pain. Methods: The research method was pretest - posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included the older adults with chronic knee pain in the period of May to August 2020 in Tabriz, Iran. The sample consisted of 30 female patients aged 60-70 years with chronic knee pain who entered the study by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control group (15 patients each group). The research instruments included the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS). In the experimental group, Morita therapy was held during nine sessions for 90 minutes once a week. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed significant effectiveness of Morita therapy on emotional distress and social isolation (p < 0.001). Morita therapy significantly reduced patients' depression and anxiety scores (Eta = 0.68). In addition, the social isolation scores of the experimental group significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.001), which indicates an increase in the quality of social network (Eta = 0.49). Conclusion: Morita therapy can help reduce emotional distress and social isolation in older women with chronic knee pain and can be used in conjunction with other common therapies. 11 17 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/11 1399/9/21 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/24 1400/3/3 Behnaz Dehghan Behnaz Dehghan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran behnaz.dehghan@gmail.com Ali Isazadeg Ali Isazadeg Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran Ali_issazadeg@yahoo.com Esmaiel Soleimani Esmaiel Soleimani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran soleymany.psy@gmail.com Chronic Knee Pain Emotional Distress Social Isolation Morita Therapy Aged Chiaranai C, Chularee S, Srithongluang S. Older people living with chronic illness. Geriatric Nursing. 2018; 39(5): 513-20.##Ward BW, Schiller JS, Goodman RA. 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Effect of acupressure on knee pain and stiffness intensity in elderly patients with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2016; 2(2): 22-31. [Persian]##Kim IJ, Kim HA, Seo YI, Jung YO, Soug YW, Jeong JY, et al. Prevalence of knee pain and its influence on quality of life and physical function in the Korean elderly population: a community based cross-sectional study. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2011; 26(9): 1140-6.##Patel KV, Turk DC. Chronic pain and the risk of death: findings from the 1999-2004 NHANES mortality follow-up study. The Journal of Pain. 2015; 16(4): S11.##Murphy L, Helmick CG. The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: a population-health perspective A population-based review of the fourth most common cause of hospitalization in U.S. adults. Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2012; 112(3): 13-19.##Edwards R, Dworkin HR, Sullivan MD, Turk D, Wasan DA. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain disorders. The Journal of Pain. 2016; 17(9): 70–92.##Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999; 174(4): 307–11.##Schuurmans J, van Balkom A. Late-life anxiety disorders: a review. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2011; 13(4): 267–73.##Turk DC, Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Patel KV. Assessment of psychosocial and functional impact of chronic pain. The Journal of Pain. 2016; 17(9): 21-49.##Clauw DJ. Diagnosing and treating chronic musculoskeletal pain based on the underlying mechanism(s). Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2015; 29(1): 6-19.##Lerman SF, Rudich Z, Brill S, Shalev H, Shahar G. Longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability in chronic pain patients. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2015; 77(3) 333-41.##Howe CQ, Robinson JP, Sullivan MD. Psychiatric and psychological perspectives on chronic pain. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 2015; 26(2): 283-300.##Baumeister H, Knecht A, Hutter N. Direct and indirect costs in persons with chronic back pain and comorbid mental disorders—a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2012; 73(2): 79-85.##Smith D, Wilkie R, Uthman O, Jordan JL, McBeth J. Chronic pain and mortality: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6): e99048.##Noyman-Veksler G, Shalev H, Brill S, Rudich Z, Shahar G. Chronic pain under missile attacks: role of pain catastrophizing, media, and stress-related exposure. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2017; 10(4): 463–9.##Gierveld JdJ, Keating N, Fast JE. Determinants of loneliness among older adults in Canada. Canadian Journal on Aging. 2015; 34(02): 1-12.##Nyqvist F, Forsman AK, Giuntoli G, Cattan M. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people: a systematic review. Aging and Mental Health. 2012; 17(4): 394–410##Dickens AP, Richards SH, Greaves CJ, Campbell JL. Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11(647): 1- 22.##Aslund C, Starrin B, Nilsson KW. Social capital in relation to depression, musculoskeletal pain, and psychosomatic symptoms: a cross-sectional study of a large population-based cohort of Swedish adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10(1): 1-10.##Aoki T, Yamamoto Y, Ikenoue T, Urushibara-Miyachi Y, Kise M, Fujinuma Y, et al. Social isolation and patient experience in older adults. Annals of Family Medicine. 2018; 16(5): 393–8.##DeVries AC, Glasper ER, Detillion CE. Social modulation of stress responses. Physiol & Behavior. 2003; 79(3): 399–407.##Eisenberger NI, Jarcho JM, Lieberman MD, Naliboff BD. An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection.Pain. 2006; 126(1–3): 132–8.##Scudds RJ, Robertson J. 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Prevalence and Correlates of Functional Disability among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in India: Results of a National Survey in 2017-2019 2 2 Introduction: Aging may increase physical or functional limitations, and India has a rapidly aging population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of difficulties with Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) among older adults in India. Methods: The cross-sectional sample consisted of 31,477 individuals (≥ 60 years) from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, Wave 1 in 2017-2019. Functional disability was measured with 6 items of ADL and 7 items of IADL. Results: The prevalence of at least one ADL difficulty was 23.8%, at least one IADL difficulty was 48.4%, and at least one ADL/IADL difficulty was 52.0% (43.2% among men, and 60.0% among women). In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, older age, and food insecurity were positively and male sex and having a health insurance were negatively associated with both ADL and IADL difficulty. No formal education was positively and urban residence and married were negatively associated with IADL difficulty. Poor or faith self-rated health status, chronic conditions, insomnia symptoms, major depressive disorder, physical pain, poor distant vision, poor near vision and poor word recall were positively associated with both ADL and IADL difficulty. Body underweight and hearing or ear problem increased the odds for IADL difficulty. In univariate analysis, vigorous physical activity and higher social network were protective against both ADL and IADL difficulty. Conclusion: Almost one in four older adults in India had ADL difficulty and almost half had IADL difficulty and several associated factors were identified that can be targeted in interventions. 18 25 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/112021/03/23 1400/1/3 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/242021/05/2 1400/2/12 Supa Pengpid Supa Pengpid ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Thailand supaprom@yahoo.com Karl Peltzer Karl Peltzer Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan Taiwan kfpeltzer@gmail.com Functional Disability Aged India Activities of Daily Living Hosseinpoor AR, Williams JS, Jann B, Kowal P, Officer A, Posarac A, et al. Social determinants of sex differences in disability among older adults: a multi-country decomposition analysis using the World Health Survey. 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Studies of illness in the aged. the index of adl: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1963; 185: 914-9.##Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist. 1969; 9(3): 179-86.##Singh S, Multani S, Verma N. Development and validation of geriatric assessment tools: a preliminary report from Indian population. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy. 2007; 3(2): 103-10.##Cho E, Chen TY. The bidirectional relationships between effort-reward imbalance and sleep problems among older workers. Sleep Health. 2020; 6(3): 299-305.##Kessler RC, Andrews A, Mroczek D, Ustun B, Wittchen HU. The world health organization composite international diagnostic interview short-form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998; 7: 171–85.##American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.##Steffick D. Documentation of affective functioning measures in the health and retirement study [Internet]. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; 2000 [cited 2021 March 3]. Available from: https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/dr-005.pdf##Wen CP, David Cheng TY, Tsai SP, Chan HT, Hsu HL, Hsu CC, et al. Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being overweight than Caucasians? redefining obesity for Asians. Public Health Nutrition. 2009; 12(4): 497-506.##Lübs L, Peplies J, Drell C, Bammann K. Cross-sectional and longitudinal factors influencing physical activity of 65 to 75-year-olds: a pan European cohort study based on the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE). BMC Geriatrics. 2018; 18(1): 94.##Kulkarni RS, Shinde RL. Depression and its associated factors in older Indians: a study based on study of global aging and adult health (SAGE)-2007. Journal of Aging and Health. 2015; 27(4): 622-49.##Verma R, Khanna P. National program of health-care for the elderly in India: a hope for healthy ageing. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013 ;4(10): 1103-7.##Stewart Williams J, Norström F, Ng N. Disability and ageing in China and India - decomposing the effects of gender and residence. Results from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). BMC Geriatrics. 2017; 17(197): 1-13.##Gupta P, Mani K, Rai SK, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK. Functional disability among elderly persons in a rural area of Haryana. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2014; 58(1): 11-16.##Geerlings SW, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Twisk JW, Van Tilburg W. The longitudinal effect of depression on functional limitations and disability in older adults: an eight-wave prospective community-based study. Psychological Medicine. 2001; 31(8): 1361-71.##Vaish K, Patra S, Chhabra P. Functional disability among elderly: A community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020; 9(1): 253-8.## ##

Frequency of Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Elderly Patient Hospitalized 2 2 Introduction: Healthcare- Associated Infections (HAI) are known to be one of the most important health issues in developed and developing countries. The most common infections include central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia and surgical site infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of nosocomial infections in the elderly patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1279 patients were 60 years of age or older. Patients who had been admitted for more than 48 hours in the hospital and had no signs of infection at the time of admission, were entered into the study. It was evaluated four most common HAI, according to CDC include bacteremia, central line-associated blood stream infections, urinary tract infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infections may also occur at surgery sites, known as surgical site infections. The Chi-square and T- test or analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total patients, 93 (7.3%) developed HAI at duration admission. The highest rate of infection was bacteremia, which was 48.4 % and then urinary tract infection 21.5%. The prevalence of HAI among patients with cardiovascular diseases was relatively higher than underlying diseases. The frequency of length of hospital stay was significant in patients > 7 days with 68.8% in the HAI group. Conclusion: Our findings showed that patients with cardiovascular, renal and pulmonary disease are more susceptible to HAIs. Due to the increased length of hospital stay increases the risk of infection, it is recommended to discharge patients as soon as possible. 26 31 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/112021/03/232021/01/11 1399/10/22 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/242021/05/22021/06/9 1400/3/19 Aria Rahimi Aria Rahimi Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Alireza Namazi Shabestari Alireza Namazi Shabestari Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Maryam Sadeh Maryam Sadeh 3. Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Reza Bidaki Reza Bidaki Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences , Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Saeidreza Jamalimoghadamsiahkali Saeidreza Jamalimoghadamsiahkali Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Zahra Vahabi Zahra Vahabi 2. Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran vahab1357@gmail.com Infections Hospitalized Health care Patients Aged Morris K. Global control of health-care associated infections. The Lancet. 2008; 372(9654): 1941-2.##Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2011; 377(9761): 228-41.##Al-Tawfiq JA, Tambyah PA. Healthcare associated infections (HAI) perspectives. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2014; 7(4): 339-44.##Warren DK, Kollef MH. Prevention of hospital infection. Microbes and Infection. 2005; 7(2): 268-74.##Eggimann P, Sax H, Pittet D. Catheter-related infections. Microbes and Infection. 2004; 6(11): 1033-42.##Hoxha A, Duysburgh E, Mortgat L. Healthcare-associated infections in home healthcare: an extensive assessment, 2019. Euro surveillance: Bulletin European Sur Les Maladies Transmissible. 2021; 26(5): 1900646.##Huerta-Gutiérrez R, Braga L, Camacho-Ortiz A, Díaz-Ponce H, García-Mollinedo L, Guzmán-Blanco M, et al. One-day point prevalence of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in four countries in Latin America. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2019; 86: 157-66.##Rajabi M, Esmaeili Abdar M, Rafiei H, Aflatoonia MR, Esmaeili Abdar Z. Nosocomial infections and epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in teaching hospitals in south east of Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2016; 8(2):190-7.##Hosseinrezaei H, Rafiei H, Amiri M. Incidence and risk factors of sternal wound infection at site of incision after open-heart surgery. Journal of Wound Care. 2012; 21(8): 408-11.##Askarian M, Yadollahi M, Assadian O. Point prevalence and risk factors of hospital acquired infections in a cluster of university-affiliated hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2012; 5(2): 169-76.##Boev C, Kiss E. Hospital-acquired infections: current trends and prevention. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 2017; 29(1): 51-65.##Yoshikawa T. Epidemiology and unique aspects of aging and infectious diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000; 30(6): 931-3##Solis-Hernandez PS, Vidales-Reyes M, Garza-Gonzalez E, Guajardo-Alvarez G, Chavez-Moreno S, Camacho-Ortiz A. hospital-acquired infections in elderly versus younger patients in an acute care hospital. International Journal of Infection. 2016; 3(1): 1-5.##Ferreira L, Azevedo L, Salvador P, Morais S, Paiva R, Santos V. Nursing care in healthcare-associated infections: a scoping review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019; 72(2): 476-83.##Sposato KA. Non-ventilator health care-associated pneumonia (NV-HAP): the infection preventionist's role in identifying NV-HAP. American Journal of Infection Control. 2020; 48(5S): A3-A6.##Lakoh S, Li L, Sevalie S, Guo X, Adekanmbi O, Yang G, et al. Antibiotic resistance in patients with clinical features of healthcare-associated infections in an urban tertiary hospital in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2020; 9(38): 1-10.##Niraula R, Tambat R, Gupta R, Devkota A. A hospital-based prospective study on surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis and incidence of surgical site infections in the department of general surgery. World Journal of Surgery Surgical Research. 2021; 4; 1-6.##Devrim F, Caglar I, Demiray N, Oruc Y, Ayhan Y, Agin H, et al. Bacteremia due to healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in children. Archives de Pediatrie. 2021; 28(2): 147-9.##Li Y, Ren L, Zou J. Risk factors and prevention strategies of nosocomial infection in geriatric patients. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 2019; 2019: 1-6.##Rodríguez-Acelas AL, Abreu Almeida M, Engelman B, Cañon-Montañez W. Risk factors for health care-associated infection in hospitalized adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Infection Control. 2017; 45(12): 149-56.##Zahraei SM, Eshrati B, Masomi Asl H, Pezeshki Z. Epidemiology of four main nosocomial infections in Iran during march 2007-march 2008 based on the findings of a routine surveillance system. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2012; 15(12): 764-6.##Lahsaeizadeh S, Jafari H, Askarian M. Healthcare-associated infection in Shiraz, Iran 2004-2005. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2008; 69(3): 283-7.##Askarian M, Hosseini R, Kheirandish P, Memish ZA. Incidence of urinary tract and bloodstream infections in Ghotbeddin burn center, Shiraz 2000-2001. Burns: Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2003; 29(5): 455-9.##Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Bakar MA. Health care-associated infections–an overview. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2018; 11: 2321-33.##Zhao X, Wang L, Wei N, Zhang J, Ma W, Zhao H, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated infection in elderly patients in a large Chinese tertiary hospital: a 3-year surveillance study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2020; 20(121): 1-7.##Ojulong J, Mwambu TP, Joloba M, Bwanga F, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH. Relative prevalence of methicilline resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its susceptibility pattern in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2009; 11(3): 149-53.## ##

Validity and Reliability of Turkish Self-Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale 2 2 Introduction: The most common nutritional problem observed among the aged is malnutrition. The study was conducted as methodological research to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish Self Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale (Self-MNA) among Turkish elderly people. Methods: Data were collected from 131 aged individuals with the Sociodemographic Information Form, Mini Nutritional Assessment long-form (MNA), Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF) and Self-MNA. In the study, test-retest, parallel form methods, lower 27%-upper 27% discrimination, ROC and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scale. The scale was translated and then the final version was created by the views of three experts. A correlation analysis was conducted between MNA, MNA-SF and Self-MNA which are used as parallel forms. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between test-retest scores of Self-MNA scores for reliability (p > 0.05). Positive relationships were found between Self-MNA and MNA and MNA-SF. Self-MNA scores of the upper 27% group were significantly higher than the Self-MNA scores of the lower 27% group. The appropriate cut-off value of Self MNA is determined as 12. Self-MNA scores below 12 points indicate that there may be a risk of malnutrition. The areas under the ROC curves (AUC = 0.718) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). At the cut-off value, the sensitivity is determined to be 75 and the specificity is 56.63. Conclusion: Self-MNA is a valid and reliable tool for screening the malnutrition status of the aged in Turkey. 32 38 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/112021/03/232021/01/112021/01/11 1399/10/22 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/242021/05/22021/06/92021/04/4 1400/1/15 Emine Ekici Emine Ekici Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uskudar University, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey emine.ekici@uskudar.edu.tr Nursel Vatansever Nursel Vatansever Department of Surgical Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey Turkey Merve Çolak Merve Çolak Department of Public Health Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey Ezgi Hasret Kozan Ezgi Hasret Kozan Department of Public Health Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey Nutrition Assessment Aged Malnutrition Validity Kansal D, Baliga SS, Kruthika K, Mallapur MD. Nutritional assessment among elderly population of rural Belagavi: a cross-sectional study. International Journal Med Science Public Health. 2016; 5(7): 1496-9. ##Aslan D, Sengelen, M, Bilir N. Nutritional problems and approaches in old age [Internet]. Ankara: GERIATRIC ASSOCIATION; 2008. [Turkish] [cited 2 Dec 2021]; Available from: https://www.huzurevleri.org.tr/docs/Yaslilik_Doneminde_Beslenme_Sorunlari_ve_Yaklasimlar.pdf.##Arıogul S. Malnutrition guidelines for the elderly: the importance of malnutrition [Internet]. Ankara: Academic Geriatrics Association; 2013. [Turkish] [cited 11 Dec 2021]; Available from: http://www.akademikgeriatri.org/files/thn-kitap.pdf.##Baz S, Ardahan M. Malnutrition in the elderly, nursing approaches. Balikesir Health Sciences Journal. 2016; 5(3): 147-53. [Turkish]##Huhmann MB, Perez V, Alexander DD, Thomas DR. A self-completed nutrition screening tool for community-dwelling older adults with high reliability: A comparison study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2013; 17(4): 339-44.##Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Rämsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: a multinational perspective using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2010; 58(9): 1734-8.##Cankurtaran M, Sake B, Sahin S, Varli M, Doventas A, Balam Doğu Yavuz B, et al. Turkish nursing homes and care homes nutritional status assessment project (THN-malnutrition). European Geriatric Medicine. 2013; 4(5): 329-34.##Saka B, Kaya O, Ozturk GB, Erten N, Karan MA. Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes. Clinical Nutrition. 2010; 29(6): 745–8.##Ozgun Basıbuyuk G, Ayremlou P, Nourı Saeıdlou S, Çinar Z, Ay F, Bektas Y, et al. Evaluation of malnutrition among elderly people living in nursing homes by mini nutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF) in Turkey. MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 14(1): 38-44.##Bauer JM, Kaiser MJ, Anthony P, Guigoz Y, Sieber CC. The mini nutritional assessment: it's history, today's practice, and future perspectives. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2008; 23 (4): 388-96.##Volkert D, Beck AM, Berry E, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Goisser S, et al. ESPEN guidelines on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clinical Nutrition. 2019; 38(1): 10-47.##Bauer JM, Kaiser MJ, Sieber CC. Evaluation of nutritional status in older persons: nutritional screening and assessment. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Car. 2010; 13(1): 8–13.##Ulger Z, Halil M, Kalan I, Balam Doğu Yavuz B, Cankurtaran M, Güngör E, et al. Comprehensive assessment of malnutrition risk and related factors in a large group of community-dwelling older adults. Clinical Nutrition. 2010; 29(4): 507-11.##Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ. The mini nutritional assessment: MNA. Nutrition in the elderly In: Vellas BJ, Guigoz Y, Garry PJ, Albarede JL, editors. Mini nutritional assessment: a practical assessment tool for grading the nutritional status of elderly patients. Paris: Serdi Publishing Company; 1997.p.15-60.##Green SM, Watson R. Nutritional screening and assessment tools for older adults: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2006; 54(4): 477-90.##Phillips MB, Folley AL, Bernard R, Isenring EA, Miller MD. Nutritional screening in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic literature review. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010; 19(3): 440-9.##Kozakova R, Zelenikova R. Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly living at home. European Geriatric Medicine. 2014; 5 (6): 377-81.##Donini LM, Marrocco W, Morrocco C, Lenzi A. Validity of the self- mini nutritional assessment (Self-MNA) for the assessment of nutritional risk. A cross-study study conducted in general practice. The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging. 2017; 22(1): 44-52.##Power L, Mullally D, Gibney E. R, Clarke M, Visser M, Volkert D, et.al. A review of the validity of malnutrition screening tools used in older adults in community and healthcare settings–A MaNuEL study. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2018; 24: 1-13.##Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). The Journal of Gerontology A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001; 56(6): M366-72.##Sarikaya D. Mini nutritional evaluation in geriatric patients validity of long and short (mna-sf) form of (mna) test [MSc thesis]. Ankara: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine; 2013.##Quansah, F. The use of cronbach alpha reliability estimate in research among students in public universities in Ghana. African Journal of Teacher Education. 2017; 6(1): 56-64.##Moore BE, Friedman BJ, Crixell SH: Usability of the Self-Mini nutritional assessment among older adults receiving home-delivered meals in Texas. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 2015; 44(2): 159–71.##Czeisler MÉ, Marynak K, Clarke KE, Salah Z, Shakya I, Thierry JM, et al. Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19–related concerns—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020; 69(36): 1250.‌##Cadirci D, Kocakoglu Ş. Risk groups and prevention methods in coronavirus pandemic. Clinical Medicine Family Medicine. 2020; 12(2), 62-8. [Turkish]## ##

Effect of a Six Week-Swimming Interval Training with Resveratrol Consumption on Apoptotic Markers in the Liver Tissue of Aged Rat 2 2 Introduction: Aging involves a decrease in physiological function, physical activity and nutrition that modulate body functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six week-swimming interval training with resveratrol consumption on apoptotic markers in the liver tissue of aged rat. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-two 20-month aged rats weighing 350-370 g were divided into four groups of 8 rats including 1) sham, 2) training, 3) resveratrol and 4) training + resveratrol. For six weeks, groups 3 and 4 received 100 mg/kg of resveratrol supplementation dissolved in 1% methylcellulose daily by gavage, and groups 2 and 4 performed swimming training three times a week. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post- hoc test was used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). Results: Bcl2 Gene expression levels in the resveratrol and the exercise + resveratrol groups were significantly higher than the sham and exercise groups (p < 0.05). Bax levels in the exercise + resveratrol group were lower than the resveratrol group, and the levels in the resveratrol group were higher than the sham group(p <0.05).also Bax/Bcl2 levels in the exercise + resveratrol group were significantly lower than the exercise group(p < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that swimming interval training with resveratrol consumption has beneficial effects on anti-apoptotic markers, however, the effect of swimming interval training on liver apoptosis in the aging is still unknown and more studies are needed in this field. 39 44 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/112021/03/232021/01/112021/01/112021/01/10 1399/10/21 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/242021/05/22021/06/92021/04/42021/05/25 1400/3/4 Maryam Mehboudi Maryam Mehboudi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran mehboodimaryam@yahoo.com Habib Asgharpour Habib Asgharpour Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran habibasgharpour@gmail.com Seyed Ali Hosseini Seyed Ali Hosseini Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Reza Rezaeeshirazi Reza Rezaeeshirazi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran Swimming Training Resveratrol Apoptosis Liver Aging Farzanegi P, Dana A, Ebrahimpoor Z, Asadi M, Azarbayjani MA. Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation. European Journal of Sport Science. 2019; 19(7): 994–1003.##Moradi M, Shakerian S, Nikbakht M. The effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training and crocin consumption on oxidative stress of liver tissue in male rats subjected to chronic doxorubicin injection. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2019; 23(5): 485–94. [Persian]##Afroozi-Gerow E, Afzalpour ME, TaheriChadorneshin H, Abtahi-Eivary SH. Effect of high intensity interval training on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine contents in the brain and liver of rats. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2016; 6(10): 170–3.##Shirpour S, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Farzanegi P. Effect of high intensity interval training with curcumin on gene expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 in aged female rat hepatocytes. Report of Health Care Jornal. 2017; 3(3):8–14.##Seif el-Din SH, El-Lakkany NM, Salem MB, Hammam OA, Saleh S, Botros SS. Resveratrol mitigates hepatic injury in rats by regulating oxidative stress, nuclear factor-kappa B, and apoptosis. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2016; 7(3): 99-104.##Ghowsi M, Khazali H, Sisakhtnezhad S. The effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress in the liver and serum of a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine. 2018; 16(3): 149-58.##Peiyuan H, Zhiping H, Chengjun S, Chunqing W, Bingqing L, Imam MU. Resveratrol ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease by modulating oxidative stress. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017; 2017: 1-10.##Shadfar S, Couch ME, McKinney KA, Weinstein LJ, Yin X, Rodríguez JE, et al. Oral resveratrol therapy inhibits cancer-induced skeletal muscle and cardiac atrophy in vivo. Nutrition and Cancer. 2011; 63(5): 749–62.##Terada S, Yokozeki T, Kawanaka K, Ogawa K, Higuchi M, Ezaki O, et al. Effects of high-intensity swimming training on GLUT-4 and glucose transport activity in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001; 90(6): 2019–24.##Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Boukhris O, Glenn JM, Bott N, Masmoudi L, et al. Effects of aerobic-, anaerobic-and combined-based exercises on plasma oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy untrained young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7): 1-12.##Soori R, Ghram A, Zare M, Choobineh S, Costa PB, Voltarelli FA, et al. Effects of high intensity interval training and aging on cardiac muscle apoptosis markers in C57BL/6 Mice. Sport Sciences for Health. 2020; 17(12): 1–7.##Pourrazi H, Asgharpour-Arshad M, Gholami F, Abbasi S. Effect of high-intensity interval training on apoptotic gene expression in rat myocardial tissue. Gene Cell and Tissue. 2020; 7(2): 1-6.##Abdelbasset WK, Tantawy SA, Kamel DM, Alqahtani BA, Elnegamy TE, Soliman GS, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise on diabetic obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparative randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(10): 1-6.##Shaito A, Posadino AM, Younes N, Hasan H, Halabi S, Alhababi D, et al. Potential adverse effects of resveratrol: a literature review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(6): 1-26.##Greifová H, Jambor T, Tokárová K, Speváková I, Knížatová N, Lukáč N. Resveratrol attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in TM3 Leydig cells in vitro. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 2020; 55(5):585–95.##Keshtkar S, Kaviani M, Jabbarpour Z, Al-Abdullah IH, Aghdaei MH,. Nikeghbalian S, et al. Significant reduction of apoptosis induced via hypoxia and oxidative stress in isolated human islet by resveratrol. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020; 30(7): 1216-26.##Hosoda R, Hamada H, Uesugi D, Iwahara N, Nojima I, Horio Y, et al. Different antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects of piceatannol and resveratrol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2020; 376(1): 1-42.##Mehri A, Hosseinpour Delaware S, Azizi M, Azarbaijani MA, Farzangi P. The effect of aerobic training and resveratrol on some regulatory and executive factors of cardiomyocytes apoptosis in STZ-diabetic male rats. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch. 2020; 30(1): 59–66. [Persian]##Hajighasem A, Farzanegi P, Mazaheri Z, Naghizadeh M, Salehi G. Effects of resveratrol, exercises and their combination on farnesoid x receptor, liver x receptor and sirtuin 1 gene expression and apoptosis in the liver of elderly rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver. PeerJ. 2018; 6(9): 1-15.## ##

Non-Communicable Disease Mortality among a Sample of Older People in Iran from 2007 to 2018 2 2 Introduction: Increasing age is one of the most important predictors of mortality among aged population. Therefore, determining the causes of death among older people could be imperative. The purpose of this study was to investigate non-communicable disease mortality among a sample of older people in Iran from 2007 to 2018. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study that applied census sampling technique to investigate 1202 Medical Records of older adults (60 ≤ years old) died during 2007-2018 at three hospitals of Khuzestan province, Iran. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 software. Results: The mean age of participants was 77.4 ± 8.38. Of whom 50.7 % were male. The highest number of deaths were related to the internal ward (41.4%), CCU (29.3%) and ICU (25.6%), respectively. In addition, Angina pectoris, Respiratory disease and Cerebrovascular Accident were the most important cause of death among aged population. Also, the history of hospitalization (87.1%) and cardiovascular disease (82.2%), and hypertension (67.8%) were the prominent risk factors for mortality among aged population. According to chi-squared, there was a significant relationship between smoking and death attributed to cardiovascular diseases among older adults. Conclusion: Angina pectoris, Respiratory disease and Cerebrovascular accident diseases are the most important cause of death among older adults. Prevention and screening programs should be implemented to discern and screen these chronic diseases at the early stage among older people. 45 51 2020/11/292021/02/142020/12/112021/03/232021/01/112021/01/112021/01/102021/04/11 1400/1/22 2021/06/272021/04/72021/05/242021/05/22021/06/92021/04/42021/05/252021/05/31 1400/3/10 Masood Yousefi Masood Yousefi Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran Iran Shahab Papi Shahab Papi Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (My Ageing), University Putra Malaysia Iran Ahmad Ali Akbari Kamrani Ahmad Ali Akbari Kamrani Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran Iran Mahdi Yousefi Mahdi Yousefi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Home Care Research Center, Dezful Branch, Dezful, Iran Iran Reza Fadayevatan Reza Fadayevatan Clinical Gerontologist, Vice-Chancellor of Azad University in Oxford (GB) and Dubai (UAE) Iran reza1092@yahoo.com Non-Communicable Disease Mortality Aged Wandera SO, Kwagala B, Ntozi J. 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