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Religious Coping and COVID 19 in Aging 2 2 This article has no abstract. 52 53 2021/11/21 1400/8/30 2021/12/4 1400/9/13 Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Department of Ageing Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hrezaeipandari@yahoo.com Tarakeshwar N, Vanderwerker LC, Paulk E, Pearce MJ, Kasl SV, Prigerson HG. Religious coping is associated with the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2006; 9(3): 646-57.##Koenig H. Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices (ISRN) Psychiatry. 2012; 2012(8): 1-34.##Hill PC, Pargament KI. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychology of Religion & Spirituality. 2003; 58(1): 64-74.##Shahid Z, Kalayanamitra R, McClafferty B, Kepko D, Ramgobin D, Patel R, et al. COVID-19 and older adults: what we know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2020; 68(5): 926-9.##WHO-China Joint Mission. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 12]; Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf##Fuller HR, Huseth-Zosel A. Older adults’ loneliness in early COVID-19 social distancing: implications of rurality. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2021: 1-6.##Koenig HG. Ways of protecting religious older adults from the consequences of COVID-19. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020; 28(7): 776-9.##Pirutinsky S, Cherniak AD, Rosmarin DH. COVID-19, mental health, and religious coping among American Orthodox Jews. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020; 59 (5): 2288-301.##Ahmadi F, Khodayarifard M, Zandi S, Khorrami-Markani A, Ghobari-Bonab B, Sabzevari M, et al. Religion, culture and illness: A sociological study on religious coping in Iran. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2018 ; 21(7): 721-36.##Chow SK, Francis B, Ng YH, Naim N, Beh HC, Ariffin MA, et al. Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Malaysian perspective. In Health Care. 2021; 9(1): 1-16.## ##

The Role of Digital Communication Technologies in Middle-Aged Health and Relationships 2 2 This article has no abstract. 54 55 2021/11/212021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/12/42021/09/14 1400/6/23 Maryam Hashempour-Sadeghian Maryam Hashempour-Sadeghian Department of Sociology & Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Iran Mohammad Taghi Abbasi Shavazi Mohammad Taghi Abbasi Shavazi Department of Sociology & Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Iran mtabbasi@rose.shirazu.ac.ir Catells, M. Networks of outrage and hope. social movements in the internet age. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: Polity Press; 2012.##Jafarpour, M. Conceptualization and study of variables affecting the acceptance of virtual social networks and the role non-governmental organization in them. Basij Strategic Studies Quarterly. 2011; 52: 109-48.##Rainie L, Wellman B. Networked. London, UK: The MIT press; 2012.##Hampton KN, Livio O, Sessions Goulet L. The social life of wireless urban spaces: internet use, social networks, and the public realm. Journal of Communication. 2010; 60(4):701-22.##Wellman B, Boase J, Chen W. The networked nature of community: online and offline. IT & Society. 2002; 1(1): 151-65.##Vriens E, Ingen EV. Does the rise of the Internet bring erosion of strong ties? Analyses of social media use and changes in core discussion networks. New Media & Society. 2018; 20(7): 2432-49.##Chew HE, LaRose R, Steinfield CW, Velasquez A. The use of online social networking by rural youth and its effects on community attachment. Information Communication & Society. 2011; 14(5): 726-47.##Latif H, Uçkun CG, Demir B. Examining the relationship between e-social networks and the communication behaviors of generation 2000 (millennials) in Turkey. Social Science Computer Review. 2014; 33(1): 43-60.##Kim W, Kreps GL, Shin C-N. The role of social support and social networks in health information–seeking behavior among Korean Americans: a qualitative study. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2015; 14(1): 1-11.##Perkins JM, Subramanian SV, Christakis NA. Social networks and health: a systematic review of sociocentric network studies in low- and middle-income countries. Social science & medicine. 2014; 125: 60-78.## ##

Health Literacy and Aging 2 2 This article has no abstract. 56 57 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/9 1400/5/18 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/7 1400/9/16 Vali Bahrevar Vali Bahrevar Department of Health Education & Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Narjes Hazar Narjes Hazar Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Saeed Hosseini Saeed Hosseini Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran saeed.hosseini2014@gmail.com Azimian J, Mohammadi F, Javadi A, Asgarian N. Correlation between health literacy and self-efficacy of the elderly. Journal of Inflammatory Disease. 2020; 24(3): 224-33. [Persian]##Behrouz S, Peyman N, Kooshiar H. Relationship between medical literacy and mortality in older adults: narrative review. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 10(2): 122-9. [Persian]##Sharifnia F, Ghaffari M, Ramezankhani A, Rakhshanderou S. Socio-demographic predictors of health literacy among the elderly: a correlational study. Quarterly Commonity Health. 2020; 7(2): 116-26.##Delavar F, Pashaeypoor S, Negarandeh R. Health literacy index: A new tool for health literacy assessment. Hayat. 2018; 24(1): 1-6. [Persian]## ##

Predictors of Delay in Seeking Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Older Adults with Animal Bite Injuries: A Population-Based Study 2 2 Introduction: Animal bites are of the major health threats. Delayed post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), especially in frail older people, may lead to mortal risks in this age group. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of delayed PEP in animal-bites injuries and to identify its contributing factors in older people of Tabriz city, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the census method was used to obtain data from health records of older adults who were referred to Tabriz's Rabies Treatment Center between March 2013 and March 2018. The delay was defined as starting PEP longer than 24 hours after a suspected rabies virus exposure. The relations between delayed PEP and each of the predictors were investigated using the chi-square test in univariate analysis. The decision tree model was applied to predict the delay time of PEP. Results: A total of 322 older people with a mean age of 67.62 ± 7.18 were studied. In all, 31.7 % of the older persons victims who were bitten by an animal had a delayed PEP. Urban victims (34.1%) compared to rural (16.3 %), stray animal victims (42.0 %) compared to an owned animal-bite victim 24.6 %, all other animal bite-related victims (39.9 %) compared to dog-bite injuries (23.8%) experienced a higher frequency of delayed PEP. The decision tree revealed that animal ownership status, animal status, and animal species were the most important factors for predicting delayed PEP (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The possibility of delayed PEP in older adults bites victims, increased if the animal was ownerless and escaped. A reasonable approach to tackle this issue might be to conduct larger population studies in the future. 58 64 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/5 1400/6/14 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/31 1400/8/9 Hassan Soleimanpour Hassan Soleimanpour Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Mehdi Abbasian Mehdi Abbasian Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Ehsan Sarbazi Ehsan Sarbazi Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran ehsansarbazi20@gmail.com Seyed Pouya Paknezhad Seyed Pouya Paknezhad Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hadi Jalilvand Hadi Jalilvand Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Nazanin Masoudi Nazanin Masoudi Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hosein Azizi Hosein Azizi Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Zahra Khalili Zahra Khalili Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Iran Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Decision Tree Bite Injury Delay of Vaccine World Health Organization. WHO expert consultation on rabies: third report [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2021 May 12]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272364##Ripani A, Mérot J, Bouguedour R, Zrelli M. Review of rabies situation and control in the North African region with a focus on Tunisia. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 2017; 36(3): 1-16.##Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy G, et al. Rabies–epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. The Veterinary Quarterly. 2017; 37(1): 212-51.##World Health Organization. Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2018–Recommendations. Vaccine. 2018; 36(37): 5500-3.##Abedi M, Doosti-Irani A, Jahanbakhsh F, Sahebkar A. Epidemiology of animal bite in Iran during a 20-year period (1993–2013): a meta-analysis. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2019; 47(1): 1-13.##Kisaka S, Makumbi FE, Majalija S, Bangirana A, Thumbi S. Epidemiology and preclinical management of dog bites among humans in Wakiso and Kampala districts, Uganda: implications for prevention of dog bites and rabies. PloS One. 2020; 15(9): 1-21.##Khazaei S, Rezaeian S, Soheylizad M, Gholamaliee B. Factors associated with delay in post-exposure prophylaxis in bitten people. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2014; 28(158): 1-7.##Sarbazi E, Sarbazi M, Ghaffari-Fam S, Babazadeh T, Heidari S, Aghakarimi K, et al. Factors related to delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite victims: a cross-sectional study in Northwest of Iran. Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma. 2020; 8(4): 236-42.##Addai JA, Nuertey BD. Pattern of animal bites and delays in initiating rabies postexposure prophylaxis among clients receiving care in korle-bu teaching hospital. Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2020; 2020(4): 1-6.##Mirzaie M, Darabi S. Population aging in Iran and rising health care costs. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017; 12 (2): 156-69.##Fillit HM, Rockwood K, Young JB. Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 8th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016.##Loder RT. The demographics of dog bites in the United States. Heliyon. 2019; 5(3): e01360.##Suraweera W, Morris SK, Kumar R, Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Jha P, et al. Deaths from symptomatically identifiable furious rabies in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2012; 6(10): 1-9.##Wani RT, Chowdri IN, Dar H. Factors influencing delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite victims: a cross sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020; 9(9): 4751-5.##Joseph J, Sangeetha N, Khan AM, Rajoura O. Determinants of delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases: hospital based study. Vaccine. 2013; 32(1): 74-7.##Esmaeilzadeh F, Rajabi A, Vahedi S, Shamsadiny M, Ghojogh MG, Hatam N. Epidemiology of animal bites and factors associated with delays in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases: A population-based study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2017; 50(3): 210-6.##Azarafza M, Ghazifard A. Urban geology of Tabriz city: environmental and geological constraints. Advances in Environmental Research. 2016; 5(2): 95-108.##Han J, Pei J, Kamber M. Data mining: concepts and techniques. Third Edition. Elsevier; 2011.##Kassiri H, Lotfi M, Ebrahimi A. Epidemiological and demographic study of acute animal biting in Abdanan County, Ilam Province, Western Iran. Journal of Acute Disease. 2017; 6(6): 272-7.##Romero-Sengson RF. Factors affecting compliance to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis among pediatric patients seen at the research institute for tropical medicine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal. 2013; 14(2): 56-62.##Riahi S, Latifi A, Bakhtiyari M, Yavari P, Khezeli M, Hatami H. Epidemiologic survey of animal bites and causes of delay in getting preventive treatment in Tabbas during 2005-2010. Tolooebehdasht. 2012; 11(1): 20-31.[Persian]##Brandão MdPM, Martins L, Szewczyczak M, Talarska D, Philp I, Cardoso MF. Threats to health and well-being perceived by older people in Poland and Portugal. Acta Medica Portuguesa. 2018; 31(7-8): 409-15.##Thumé E, Facchini LA, Wyshak G, Campbell P. The utilization of home care by the elderly in Brazil's primary health care system. American Journal of Public Health. 2011; 101(5): 868-74.##Martínez-Baz I, Aguilar I, Morán J, Albéniz E, Aldaz P, Castilla J. Factors associated with continued adherence to influenza vaccination in the elderly. Preventive Medicine. 2012; 55(3): 246-50.##Siren A, Kjær MR. How is the older road users’ perception of risk constructed?. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2011; 14(3): 222-8.##Samiee-Roudi K, Soltani M. Pattern of animal bites and factors associated with delay in post-exposure prophylaxis in bitten people. Chronic Diseases Journal. 2018; 6(4): 171-8.##Hamta A, Saghafipour A, Hosseinalipour SA, Rezaei F. Forecasting delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis to human animal bite injuries in Central Iran: A decision tree analysis. Veterinary World. 2019; 12(7): 965-71.##Gaffari-fam S, Sarbazi E, Moradpour H, Soleimanpour H, Azizi H, Heidari S. Epidemiological patterns, trends of animal bites and factors associated with delays in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention in hurand, iran: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical and Basic Research. 2021; 5(3): 1-8.##Mohammadzadeh A, Mahmoodi P, Sharifi A, Moafi M, Erfani H, Siavashi M. A three-year epidemiological study of animal bites and rabies in Hamedan Province of Iran. Avicenna Journal Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2017; 4(2): 1-5.##Bannazadeh Baghi H, Alinezhad F, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE. A perspective on rabies in the Middle East—Beyond Neglect. Veterinary Sciences. 2018; 5(3): 67.##Tenzin T, Dhand NK, Ward MP. Human rabies post exposure prophylaxis in Bhutan, 2005–2008: trends and risk factors. Vaccine. 2011; 29(24): 4094-101.##Sheikholeslami NZ, Rezaeian M, Salem Z. Epidemiology of animal bites in Rafsanjan, southeast of Islamic Republic of Iran, 2003-05. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2009; 15 (2): 455-7.##Fang LX, Ping F, Hui BG, Yan YX. Socioeconomic status is a critical risk factor for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccine. 2010; 28(42): 6847-51.##Rafiei N, Heshmati H, Taneh A. Animal bite and its contributors in aq-qala district, golestan province, Iran. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences. 2014; 1(2): 36-42.##Sambo M, Cleaveland S, Ferguson H, Lembo T, Simon C, Urassa H, et al. The burden of rabies in Tanzania and its impact on local communities. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013; 7(11): 1-9.##Issah B, Ansah T, Alagma H. Awareness of zoonotic diseases among pet owners in wa municipality of ghana. UDS International Journal of Development. 2020; 7(2): 387-97.##Hundal JS, Sodhi SS, Gupta A, Singh J, Chahal US. Awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab. Veterinary World. 2016; 9(2): 186-91.##Özlü H, Atasever M, Atasever MA. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of cattle farmers regarding zoonotic diseases in Erzurum, Turkey. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 52(3): 79-85.## ##

Fluid Intake Status and its Relationship with Cognitive Impairment among Elderlies of Naein City, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Water, as one of the most essential nutrients, is involved in almost all biochemical processes of the human body. Although different degrees of dehydration have various symptoms such as physical and mental decline, severe dehydration is associated with decreased survival capacity in the physiological environment of the body that can put individuals, especially the elderly, at the risk of death. The present study aimed to determine the status of fluid intake and its association with cognitive impairments in the elderly people of Naein City in 2018.   Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 225 randomly selected elderlies in Naein City. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, Mini–Mental State Examination, and 24-hour food recall questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test and chi-square via SPSS software.   Results: The mean of total fluid intake was 2637.05 ± 772.35 ml / day. Among 225 participants, 36.4%, 37.3%, and 26.2% had normal, mild, and moderate cognitive impairment, respectively. Cognitive impairment had a significant relationship with gender, occupational status, level of education, marital status, and place of residence (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between the mean of water consumption and cognitive impairment (p = 0.6).   Conclusion: The amount of fluid intake in elderly people living in Naein City was at a satisfactory level. Since no significant relationship was observed between the amount of fluid intake and cognitive impairments and more than half of the participants had cognitive impairments, we hypothesize that other factors are  involved in  prevalent of cognitive impairment. 65 70 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/20 1398/2/30 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/30 1400/9/9 fatemeh kaseb fatemeh kaseb Department of Nutrition, Paramedical Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fkaseb@gmail.com zahra motavalian zahra motavalian Department of Ageing and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hossein fallahzadeh hossein fallahzadeh 4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fallahzadeh.ho@gmail.com Aged Cognitive impairments Fluid Intake Popkin B, D'anci K, Rosenberg I. Water, hydration and health. Nutrition Reviews. 2010; 68(8): 439-58.##Leiberman HR. Hydration and cognition: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2007; 26(5): 5555-615.##Abdollahi M, Naseri E, Bondarianzadeh D, Mohammadpour B, Houshiar-rad N. Types and amounts of fluids consumed by the adult population of Tehran, 2011. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2013; 8(1): 71-80. [Persian]##Buffa R, Mereu R, Putzu P, Floris G, Marini E. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis detects low body cell mass and dehydration in patients with alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging. 2010; 14(10): 823-7.##Goodman AB, Blanck HM, Sherry B, Park S, Nebeling L, Yaroch AL. Behaviors and attitudes associated with low drinking water intake among us adults, food attitudes and behaviors survey, 2007. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2013;10.##Jafary-Nodushan S, Shakiba M, Lotfi M. Hydration status of adult population of Yazd. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 16 (2): 49-55. [Persian]##Zeyghami R, Heydari MA, Babaee R. The effect of a multifactorial intervention on the incidence of delirium in cardiac surgery unit. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2016; 3(4): 48-57. [Persian]##Halter J, Ouslander J, Studenski S, High K, Asthana S, Supiano M, et al. Hazzard's geriatric medicine and gerontology. Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill; 2016.##Hoffman F. Effects of dehydration on brain functioning: a life-span perspective. Annals of Nutrition and Metabohism. 2017; 70(1): 30-36.##Hodges M. The effects of dehydration on cognitive functioning, mood, and physical performance. Medicine and Health Sciences Commons. 2012; 13: 8-17.##Ghoreishi FS, Asariyan F, Sepehrmanesh Z, Ahmadvand A, Etesam F. The Prevalence of mental disorders in the general population of Kashan city 2008. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 6(2): 16-24. [Persian]##Wilson MG, Morley J. Impaired cognitive function and mental performance in mild dehydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004; 57(2): 24-9.##Kleiner SM. Water: an essential but over looked nutrient. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999; 99(2): 200-6.##Moreno LA, Sarria A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition in Spain: a European Mediterranean country. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 56(10): 992-1003.##Theris A, Kathleen F. Ebersole & Hess' Toward Toward healthy aging: human needs and nursing response. 10th edition. Mosby; 2019.##Bastani F, Hoseani R, Asad MB, Haghani H. Investigation of general health in female care givers of elderly people with Alzheimer. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 5(17): 43-51. [Persian]##Beiranvand R, Shokoohi SH, Babanejad M, Behzadifar M, Delpisheh A. Study of health and disease status in elderly people of Ilam province. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 21(6): 276-86. 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The Effect of Eight Weeks of Continuous and Interval Training with Citrus Aurantium Consumption on Autophagy Markers and MyoD Activation in the Muscle Tissue of Elderly Rats 2 2 Introduction: Although exercise training and herbs consumption have protective effects on many diseases, the mechanism of action of exercise training with different intensities and citrus aurantium (CA) extract consumption on the autophagy-dependent MyoD activation pathway is not yet known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) with CA consumption on the expression of LC3-II, Beclin-1 and MyoD as autophagy related markers in the muscle tissue of elderly rats.   Methods: In this experimental study, 42 elderly female rats were randomly assigned to (1) control (C) (2) MICT, (3) HIIT, (4) MICT + CA, (5) HIIT + CA, (6) CA and (7) sham (normal saline) groups. HIIT was performed at 85-110% VO2max intensity and 15-25 m / min speed and MICT at 65% VO2max intensity and 20-25 m / min speed; 300 mg / kg / day CA was received peritoneally. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the findings. Findings were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 8.3.0 software (p ≤ 0.05).   Results: MICT and HIIT increased LC3II, Bclin1 and MyoD gene expression (p ≤ 0.05); The effect of HIIT on MyoD increase was greater than MICT (p ≤ 0.05). CA increased the expression of LC3II and Bclin1 (p ≤ 0.05). MICT + CA and HIIT + CA increased the expression of LC3II, Bclin1 and MyoD in the muscle tissue of elderly rats (p ≤ 0.05).   Conclusion: It seems that exercise training and CA consumption with different mechanism of action activate autophagy in the soleus muscle tissue, however the simultaneous use of HIIT, MICT and CA also has favorable effects on the autophagy-dependent MyoD activation pathway. 71 78 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/202021/04/3 1400/1/14 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/302021/09/14 1400/6/23 Mina jafari Mina jafari Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran Sedigheh Hosseinpour Delavar Sedigheh Hosseinpour Delavar Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran delavar2009@iauksh.ac.ir Hassan Safikhani Hassan Safikhani Department of Corrective Exercise, School of Physical Education, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran Masoomeh Azizi Masoomeh Azizi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Abadan Branch, Abadan, Iran Iran Training Citrus Aurantium LC3II Bclin1 MyoD Skeletal Muscle Segalés J, Perdiguero E, Serrano AL, Sousa-Victor P, Ortet L, Jardí M, et al. Sestrin prevents atrophy of disused and aging muscles by integrating anabolic and catabolic signals. Nature Communications. 2020; 11(1): 1–13.##Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Atherton PJ. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: Measurement and physiology of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans. Ageing Research Reviews. 2018; 47: 123–32.##Rong S, Wang L, Peng Z, Liao Y, Li D, Yang X, et al. The mechanisms and treatments for sarcopenia: could exosomes be a perspective research strategy in the future?. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020; 11(2): 1-18.##Liang J, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen N. Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia. Experimental Gerontology. 2020; 130: 110789.##Park SS, Seo Y-K, Kwon K-S. Sarcopenia targeting with autophagy mechanism by exercise. BMB Reports. 2019; 52(1):64.##Liu C-W, Huang C-C, Hsu C-F, Li T-H, Tsai Y-L, Lin M-W, et al. SIRT1-dependent mechanisms and effects of resveratrol for amelioration of muscle wasting in NASH mice. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2020; 7(1): 1-12.##Han S, Cui C, He H, Shen X, Chen Y, Wang Y, et al. FHL1 regulates myoblast differentiation and autophagy through its interaction with LC3. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2020; 235(5): 4667–78.##Kim YA, Kim YS, Oh SL, Kim H-J, Song W. Autophagic response to exercise training in skeletal muscle with age. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2013; 69(4): 697–705.##Weng T-P, Huang S-C, Chuang Y-F, Wang J-S. Effects of interval and continuous exercise training on CD4 lymphocyte apoptotic and autophagic responses to hypoxic stress in sedentary men. PLoS One. 2013; 8(11): 1-17.##Mejías-Peña Y, Estébanez B, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Almar M, de Paz JA, et al. Impact of resistance training on the autophagy-inflammation-apoptosis crosstalk in elderly subjects. 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Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Epileptic Behavior and mRNA Expressions of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Brain of Aged Rats 2 2 Introduction: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Chlorogenic Acid (CA) and Diazepam (DZP) on epileptic complication that induced by repetitive intra-peritoneal injections of Pentylenetetrazle (PTZ) in aged rats.   Methods: Twenty-four month-old male Wistar rats (age > 12 months, 300-350 g) were divided in 4 experimental groups. Animal in control group (PTZ + Vehicle) received only PTZ. Animal in treated groups (PTZ + DZP, PTZ + CA10 and PTZ + 25) received diazepam 2 mg/kg, CA 10 mg/kg, or CA 25 mg/kg. All drugs injection were performed  30 min prior to each PTZ injection. Epilepsy was induced by injection of subconvulsive dose of PTZ every other day until the rats were completely kindled or epileptic. After each PTZ injection, animal was monitored for 40 min and epileptic behaviors were scored. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed and the brains removed for evaluation of histological changes and Brain Derived Neurothrophic Factor (BDNF) gene expression.   Results: CA at dose of 25 mg/kg reduced percent of Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure (GTCS) in aged rats (24%) in compared to control group (50%) (p < 0.05). The latencies to the start of GTCS were decreased in both dose of CA (p < 0.05). Also, the percent of survived neurons in rats treated with CA (154%) were significantly higher relative to that of control animals (100%) (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of BDNF significantly increased in CA treated rats (p < 0.05).   Conclusion: Hence, these findings revealed that CA have antiepileptic, neuroprotective and trophic effects in aged rats. CA can protect aged brain from deteriorative processes and save neurons during epilepsy in rats. 79 83 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/202021/04/32018/10/7 1397/7/15 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/302021/09/142021/10/19 1400/7/27 Hossain Soleimani Hossain Soleimani Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran erezvani@yahoo.com Zainab Hafizi-Barjin Zainab Hafizi-Barjin Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mansour Esmaeilidehaj Mansour Esmaeilidehaj Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fatemeh Zaremehrjerdi Fatemeh Zaremehrjerdi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Aging Rat Epilepsy Chlorogenic Acid Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor Hernández-Ronquillo L, Adams S, Ballendine S, Téllez-Zenteno JF. Epilepsy in an elderly population: Classification, etiology and drug resistance. Epilepsy Research. 2018; 140: 90-4.##Erdő F, Denes L, de Lange E. Age-associated physiological and pathological changes at the blood–brain barrier: a review. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2017; 37(1): 4-24.##Mercado NM, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE, Steece-Collier K. BDNF in the aged brain: translational implications for Parkinson’s disease. Austin Neurology & Neurosciences. 2017; 2(2).##Mariga A, Mitre M, Chao MV. Consequences of brain-derived neurotrophic factor withdrawal in CNS neurons and implications in disease. Neurobiology of Disease. 2017; 97: 73-9.##Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.##Bethmann K, Fritschy JM, Brandt C, Löscher W. Antiepileptic drug resistant rats differ from drug responsive rats in GABAA receptor subunit expression in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. 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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2016; 82: 54-64.##Szwajgier D, Borowiec K, Pustelniak K. The neuroprotective effects of phenolic acids: Molecular mechanism of action. Nutrients. 2017; 9(5): 477.##Cevik B, Solmaz V, Aksoy D, Erbas O. Montelukast inhibits pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. Medical Science Monitor. 2015; 21: 869-74.##Huang JL, Jing X, Tian X, Qin MC, Xu ZH, Wu DP, et al. Neuroprotective properties of Panax notoginseng saponins via preventing oxidative stress injury in SAMP8 mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017; 2017: 1-8.##Wilson JX, Gelb AW. Free radicals, antioxidants, and neurologic injury: possible relationship to cerebral protection by anesthetics. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2002; 14(1): 66-79.##Ataie A, Ataee R, Shadifar M. Polyphenolic antioxidants and neuronal regeneration. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. 2016; 7(2): 81-90.##Agunloye OM, Oboh G. 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Quality of Life among Older Adults Covered by Various Pension Funds, Tabriz, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is known to be one of the main challenges of the present century in the growing heterogeneous elder population. Therefore, determining the affecting factors of QoL among older people could be imperative. The present study aims at the comparative investigation of the QoL the old people covered by the various pension funds in the city of Tabriz, Iran.                         Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 212 older people in Tabriz, Iran. All of the participants were selected based on a stratified sampling considering the study population’s preliminary distribution in three kinds of funds (the State, Armed forces, and Social security). A reliable Iranian LEIPAD questionnaire was used in a comparative investigation of the older adult’s QoL. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21 using t-test, ANOVA, person corellation tests and multiple linear regression.   Results: The majority of the participants were male (84.4%) and married (94.8%). One-third of older people possessed academic qualifications. The average age of pensioners in the State fund was 8 years older than other funds. Social security pensioners received the lowest wages (i.e. 0.76 of State and 0.71 of Armed forces pensioners). The total mean score of QoL was 65.63 ± 12.27 (range: 0-93). The relationship between QoL and education level (β = 0.30) and marital status (β = 0.22) was positive and significant. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between scores of QoL and type of pension funds, marital status, education level (p < 0.05).   Conclusion: Pension funds can improve the QoL among older people by increasing the pension amount, quality of services and payment benefits of those covered retirees. 84 90 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/202021/04/32018/10/72021/08/28 1400/6/6 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/302021/09/142021/10/192021/10/18 1400/7/26 Hadi Sadighiyan Hadi Sadighiyan Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Mehdi Abbasian Mehdi Abbasian Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Mahmood Yousefi Mahmood Yousefi Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Narjes Maasoumi Narjes Maasoumi Academic Unit of Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK unUnited Kingdom Reza Nikanfar Reza Nikanfar East Azerbaijan Health Insurance Organization, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hossein Matlabi Hossein Matlabi Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran hm1349@gmail.com Aged Quality of Life Pension Funds Bloom DE, McKinnon R. The design and implementation of pension systems in developing countries: issues and options. In: International handbook on ageing and public policy. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2014. pp. 108-30.##Ju YJ, Han KT, Lee HJ, Lee JE, Choi JW, Hyun IS, et al. Quality of life and national pension receipt after retirement among older adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2017; 17(8): 1205-13.##Sum S, Mahmoodi Y, Tirgar A. Retirement syndrome among Babol city retirees. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3): 100-9.##Chung IS. Retirement planning and quality of life in retirement: factors affecting the Korean American elders’ retirement satisfaction. Journal of Sociology and Social Work. 2017; 5 (1): 85-98.##Abruquah LA, Yin X, Ding Y. Old age support in urban China: the role of pension schemes, self-support ability and intergenerational assistance. International Journal of Environmental Rresearch and Public Health. 2019; 16(11): 1918.##Lusardi A, Mitchell O. Financial literacy and planning: implications for retirement wellbeing. Cambridge; 2006.##Westerlund H, Kivimäki M, Singh-Manoux A, Melchior M, Ferrie JE, Pentti J, et al. Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): a cohort study. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9705): 1889-96.##Guven MU, Leite PG. Benefits and costs of social pensions in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington; 2016.##Connolly B. Issues in aging in individuals with life long disabilities. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2006; 10(3): 249-62.##Armour P, Hung A. Drawing down retirement wealth: interactions between social security wealth and private retirement savings [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 May 12]; Available from: file:///C:/Users/admin/AppData/Local/Temp/RAND_WR1165.pdf##Sherizadeh Y, Sarkhoshi R, Babazadeh T, Moradi F, Shariat F, Mirzaeian K. The quality of life and its related factors in the elderly covered by health care centers in Khoy city, Iran. Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine. 2016; 4(3): 139-45.##Roudi F, Azadi P, Mesgaran M. Iran’s population dynamics and demographic window of opportunity. Domestic Economy [Internet]. 2017[cited 2021 Jun 5]; Available from: https://stanford.app.box.com/s/hcv0k62dtajbxrz7dwxpwevb4ykx8nmz##De Leo D, Diekstra RF, Lonnqvist J, Lonnqvist J, Cleiren MH, Frisoni GB, et al. LEIPAD, an internationally applicable instrument to assess quality of life in the elderly. Behavioral Medicine. 1998; 24(1): 17-27.##Nabavi S, Shoja M, Mohammadi S, Rashedi V. Health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults of Bojnurd in 2014. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 6(2): 433-9.##Aghayari hir T, Ghasemzade D, Ebrahimi Orang A. A study of the relationship between social support and health-related quality of life among elderly people in Tabriz. Journal of Gerontology. 2017; 2(1): 20–8. [Persian]##Taguchi CK, Teixeira JP, Alves LV, Oliveira PF, Raposo OFF. Quality of life and gait in elderly group. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2016; 20(3): 235-40.##Sartor-Glittenberg C, Lehmann S, Okada M, Rosen D, Brewer K, Bay RC. Variables explaining health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy. 2014; 37(2): 83-91.##Uddin M, Soivong P, Lasuka D. Factors influencing quality of life of older persons in Bangladesh. MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics. 2018; 3(2): 203-7.##Qadri S, Ahluwalia S, Ganai A, Bali S, Wani F, Bashir H. An epidemiological study on quality of life among rural elderly population of nothern India. Imternational Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2013; 2(3): 492.##Teston EF, Marcon SS. Comparative study of quality of life of elderly living in condominiums versus community dwellers. Investigaciony Educacion En Enfermeria. 2015; 33(1): 53–62.##Gutiérrez-Vega M, Esparza-Del Villar OA, Carrillo-Saucedo IC, Montañez-Alvarado P. The possible protective effect of marital status in quality of life among elders in a US-Mexico border city. Community Mental Health Journal. 2018; 54(4): 480-4.##Campos ACV, e Ferreira EF, Vargas AMD, Albala C. Aging, gender and quality of life (AGEQOL) study: factors associated with good quality of life in older Brazilian community-dwelling adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2014; 12(1): 1-11.##Tajvar M, Arab M, Montazeri A. Determinants of health-related quality of life in elderly in Tehran, Iran. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1): 1-8.##Ibrahim N, Din NC, Ahmad M, Ghazali SE, Said Z, Shahar S, et al. Relationships between social support and depression, and quality of life of the elderly in a rural community in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 2013; 5: 59-66.##Akyol Y, Durmuş D, Doğan C, Bek Y, Cantürk F. Quality of life and level of depressive symptoms in the geriatric population. Archives of Rheumatology. 2010; 25(4): 165-73.##Kutubaeva RZ. 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Impact Analysis of Coronavirus on Elderly Population in Worldwide and Kazakhstan 2 2 Covid-19 pandemics has affected the lives of all level population but brought an unprecedented threat to the health and daily life of the elderly population. Starting from Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China, the virus spread to the world fleetingly, from 44 cases in January 2019 to 171,615,923 cases all around the world as of June 01, 2021, including Kazakhstan. SARS-CoV-2 positive patients had shown asymptomatic, mild, severe, and critical symptoms which brought to respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction in 5% of cases. The severity of the disease correlated with the older age and existing medical conditions, making the geriatric population more at hazard. A remarkable superiority of cases and deaths of Covid-19 was found within the elderly group, and particularly in those with pre-existing conditions and comorbidities, additionally to the immunosenescence and inflamm-aging. Studies done in the USA, Europe, and Asian countries showed a similar prevalence of the disease among adults and older people, but the mortality was extremely higher than in other age groups. Despite the similar prevalence, Kazakhstani researchers revealed a higher mortality rate (83.3%) than those countries. Therefore, the world, especially developing countries, needs additional advanced policies in vaccination policy, immediate testing, easy access to healthcare and information without ageist biases, income security, and more researches should be done that can address the issues, improve the lives and diminish the mortality of the geriatric population. 91 98 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/202021/04/32018/10/72021/08/282021/08/30 1400/6/8 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/302021/09/142021/10/192021/10/182021/09/18 1400/6/27 Assel Izekenova Assel Izekenova Department of Finance and Accounting, University of International Business, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Akbota Tolegenova Akbota Tolegenova Department of Epidemiology with Course of HIV, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan atolegenova@alumni.nu.edu.kz Aigulsum Izekenova Aigulsum Izekenova Department of Epidemiology with Course of HIV, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Alina Rakhmatullina Alina Rakhmatullina Department of Finance and Accounting, University of International Business, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan COVID-19 Pandemics Aged Review Worldwide World Health Organization. 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The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Journal Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4): 1225.##Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh D M, Al-Nasser AD. SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathogens. 2020; 9(3): 231.##Mahase, E. Coronavirus: COVID-19 has killed more people than SARS and MERS combined, despite lower case fatality rate. British Medical Journal. 2020; 368.##Worldometer. COVID Live Update: 198,879,142 Cases and 4,238,503 Deaths from the Coronavirus [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 July 13]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.##Ситуация с коронавирусом официально. Coronavirus2020.kz. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 July 6]. Available from: https://www.coronavirus2020.kz/.##Oran D, Topol E. The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that are asymptomatic. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2021; 174(5): 655-62. [Russian]##Wu Z, McGoogan J. 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Vascular Aging and Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Influences 2 2 Vascular aging plays an important role in the mortality of the elderly, but vascular aging can be dependent on other factors such as diseases. Various diseases such as Alzheimer, diabetes, thalassemia, and other diseases affect the mechanisms of vascular aging. It will harm the recovery process of these patients. There are methods for measuring vascular aging such as instrumental measurements and molecular methods. The best way to measure vascular aging is a combination of methods to determine the mechanism and cause of vascular aging. In this review article, we first summarize the various mechanisms of vascular aging and then discuss the effect of different disease on vascular aging. 99 106 2021/11/212021/04/102021/08/92021/09/52019/05/202021/04/32018/10/72021/08/282021/08/302020/09/19 1399/6/29 2021/12/42021/09/142021/12/72021/10/312021/11/302021/09/142021/10/192021/10/182021/09/182021/11/24 1400/9/3 Shirin Saberianpour Shirin Saberianpour Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran saberianpoursh@mums.ac.ir Vascular Aging Disease Arteries Rizzoni D, Rizzoni M, Nardin M, Chiarini G, Agabiti-Rosei C, Aggiusti C, et al. Vascular aging and disease of the small vessels. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 2019: 1-7.##Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Donato AJ, GalvanV, Csiszar A. Mechanisms of vascular aging. Circulation Research. 2018; 123: 849-67.##Mistriotis P, Andreadis ST. 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