The Most Important Future Challenges of Aging in Iran 2 2 This article has no abstract. 1 3 2021/10/4 1400/7/12 2022/05/25 1401/3/4 Monire Balochi Monire Balochi Health Foresight and Innovation Research Canter, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Ira Iran Reza Dehnavieh Reza Dehnavieh Health Foresight and Innovation Research Canter, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Ira Iran Mohsen shati Mohsen shati Mental Health Research Center, Social Injury Prevention Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Elahe Imani Elahe Imani Health Foresight and Innovation Research Canter, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran khalil kalavani khalil kalavani Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Healthcare Management and Information Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran Iran modirtbzmed@gmail.com Mosadeghrad AM. The futurology of aging population in Iran: Letter to the Editor. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2021; 79 (3): 248-9. [Persian]##Razzaghi A, Pourrajabi A, Daneshi S. Obstacles and problems related to elderly pedestrians: a qualitative study. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2017; 5(2): 73-8. [Persian]##Gholipour Z, Farahani MM, Riahi L, Hajinabi K. Priorities of active aging policy in Iran. Depiction of Health. 2020; 11(1): 52-61. [Persian]##Khodamoradi A, Hassanipour S, Daryabeigi Khotbesara R, Ahmadi B. The trend of population aging and planning of health services for the elderly: a review study. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 6(3): 81-95. [Persian]##Rasel M, Ardalan A. The future of ageing and its health care costs: a warning for health system. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2007; 2(2): 300-5. [Persian]##Sadeghiyan F, Raei M, Hashemi M, Amiri M, Chaman R. Elderly and health problems: a cross sectional study in the Shahroud township. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2011; 6(20): 26-30. [Persian]##Gheibizadeh M, Pourghane P, Mossaffa Khomami H, Heidari F, Atrkar Roushan Z. Identifying the determinants of stress in the retired elderly. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2016; 3(1): 49-61. [Persian]##Mansouri T, Farhadi A, Borhaninejad V R, Kojaie Bidgoli A, Navvabi Rigi SD, Hosseinabadi R. Factors and barriers affecting the social participation of older people. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 9(4): 66-73. [Persian]##Elahi T, Khosravi R, Rashidi Rashtabadi S, Akhavan A. Hopefulness and mental disorders in the Elderly. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2014; 22(92): 119-25. [Persian]##Mohtasham-Amiri Z. Elderly, and challenges ahead, with a look at the results of the 2016 census. Journal of Social Research. 2017; 2(4): 71-8. [Persian]## ##

Motivational Interviewing and Health Promotion of Older Adults 2 2 This article has no abstract. 4 5 2021/10/42022/06/25 1401/4/4 2022/05/252022/06/25 1401/4/4 Mohammadreza Vafaeinasab Mohammadreza Vafaeinasab Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Gholamreza Badieian Gholamreza Badieian Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammadreza Rajabalipour Mohammadreza Rajabalipour Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mmrr1366@yahoo.com Bundy C. Changing behaviour: using motivational interviewing techniques. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2004; 97(Suppl 44): 43-7.##Lilienthal KR, Pignol AE, Holm JE, Vogeltanz-Holm N. Telephone-based motivational interviewing to promote physical activity and stage of change progression in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2014; 22(4): 527-35.##Bloom DE, Canning D, Lubet A. Global population aging: facts, challenges, solutions & perspectives. Daedalus. 2015; 144(2): 80-92.##Bengtson V. Global aging and challenges to families. Routledge; 2018.##Partridge L, Deelen J, Slagboom PE. Facing up to the global challenges of ageing. Nature. 2018; 561(7721): 45-56.##Moral RR, de Torres LA, Ortega LP, Larumbe MC, Villalobos AR, García JA, et al. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing to improve therapeutic adherence in patients over 65 years old with chronic diseases: a cluster randomized clinical trial in primary care. Patient Education and Counseling. 2015; 98(8): 977-83.##D'Amico EJ, Parast L, Shadel WG, Meredith LS, Seelam R, Stein BD. Brief motivational interviewing intervention to reduce alcohol and marijuana use for at-risk adolescents in primary care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2018; 86(9): 775-86.##Lindson N, Thompson TP, Ferrey A, Lambert JD, Aveyard P. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019; 7: CD006936.##Ekong G, Kavookjian J. Motivational interviewing and outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Patient education and counseling. 2015; 99(6): 944-52.##Frost H, Campbell P, Maxwell M, O’Carroll RE, Dombrowski SU, Williams B, et al. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on adult behaviour change in health and social care settings: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS One. 2018; 13(10): e0204890.##DiClemente CC, Corno CM, Graydon MM, Wiprovnick AE, Knoblach DJ. Motivational interviewing, enhancement, and brief interventions over the last decade: A review of reviews of efficacy and effectiveness. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2017; 31(8): 862-87.##Serdarevic M, Lemke S. Motivational interviewing with the older adult. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. 2013; 15(4): 240-9## ##

Effect of Group Physical Games on Life Quality of Older Adults at Adult Daycare Centers 2 2 Introduction: Physical activity is a predictor of the health outcomes of the older adults, and many approaches have been introduced for its implementation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of group physical games on life quality (QOL) of older adults at an adult day care center. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using pre-test and post-test. Using convenience sampling, a total of 50 senior citizens above 60 years of age from two adult daycare centers of Babol and Amol in 2017 was placed in an intervention (25) and a control (25) group, respectively. The intervention group received physical games program twice a week for 6 weeks. The SF12 questionnaire was used to assess the QOL. The statistical analysis of the variables was carried out using t-tests, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level (P < 0.05) with SPSS software. Results: The QOL scores of the participants in the intervention group, compared to the control group have significantly improved (p < 0.001). The calculated difference for the quality of life of the intervention group was (d = 4.40 ± 2.36) being (d = 1.68 ± 1.74) and (d = 2.72 ± 1.51) in the physical and mental aspects, respectively. Conclusion: Physical exercise program (especially stationary physical game) can improve the quality of life of the older adults both physically and mentally. Therefore, such activities can be used to improve the quality of life of the older adults. 6 13 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/14 1400/3/24 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/21 1401/2/31 Maryam Hedayati Maryam Hedayati Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran Iran Shima Sum Shima Sum Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran Iran Samaneh Pourhadi Samaneh Pourhadi Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran Iran Samaneh.pourhadi@gmail.com Seyed Reza Hosseini Seyed Reza Hosseini Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran Iran Mahbobeh Faramarzi Mahbobeh Faramarzi Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran Iran Aged Quality of Life Physical Activity Game Adult Day Care Center Afsharkohan J, Koolivand S. Structured study of the quality of life in the elderly in Iran (2004-13). Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3): 192-201. [Persian]##Nejati V, Ashayeri H. Health related quality of life in the elderly in Kashan. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2008; 14(1): 56-61. [Persian]##Wood L, Peat G, Thomas E, Hay EM, Sim J. Associations between physical examination and self-reported physical function in older community-dwelling adults with knee pain. Physical Therapy. 2008; 88(1): 33-42.##Ahmadi M, Noudehi M, Esmaeili M, Sadrollahi A. Comparing the quality of life between active and non-active elderly women with an emphasis on physical activity. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017; 12(3): 262-75. [Persian]##Bigzadeh M, Parhodeh Y, Noudehi MA. Contrasting quality of life with health among active and inactive older adults of Islamabad Gharb town. World Applied Programming. 2013; 3(10): 482-7.##Hamidizadeh S, Ahmadi F, Aslani Y, Etemadifar S, Salehi K, Kordeyazdi R. Study effect of a group-based exercise program on the quality of life in older men and women in 2006-2007. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 16(1): 181-6. [Persian]##Lee TW, Ko IS, Lee KJ. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among community-dwelling elderly in Korea: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006; 43(3): 293-300.##King MB, Whipple RH, Gruman CA, Judge JO, Schmidt JA, Wolfson LI. The performance enhancement project: improving physical performance in older persons. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83(8): 1060-9.##Giuli C, Papa R, Mocchegiani E, Marcellini F. Predictors of participation in physical activity for community-dwelling elderly Italians. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2011; 54(1): 50-4.##Hassanpoor Dehkordi A, Masoodi R, Naderipoor A, Poor Mir Reza Kalhori R. The effect of exercise program on the quality of life in Shahrekord elderly people. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 2(6): 437-44. [Persian]##Eshaghi SR, Shahsanai A, Ardakani MM. Assessment of the physical activity of elderly population of Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011; 29(147): 939-46. [Persian]##Motefaker M, Sadrbafghi SM, Rafiee M, Bahadorzadeh L, Namayandeh SM, Karimi M, et al. SuicEpidemiology of physical activity: a population based study in Yazd cityide attempt and its relation to stressors and supportive systems: a study in Karaj city. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 2007; 65(4): 77-81. [Persian]##Nadri A, Safania AM, Amritash AM. Determinant of the implementation of physical activities in elderly in Tehran. Journal of Gerontology. 2016; 1(2): 66-79. [Persian]##Makvandi1 N, Naeimikia M, Ghasemi A. Effect of school playground activities on behavioral incompatibilities among 7-11 year-old students with intellectual disabilites. Motor Behavior. 2020; 12 (42): 37-54. [Persian]##Hedayati M, Sum S, Hosseini SR, Faramarzi M, Pourhadi S. Investigating the effect of physical games on the memory and attention of the elderly in adult day-care centers in Babol and Amol. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2019; 14: 859-69.##Taheri Tanjani P, Azadbakht M. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 25(132): 103-12. [Persian]##Bakhtiyari F, Foroughan M, Fakhrzadeh H, Nazari N, Najafi B, Alizadeh M, et al. Validation of the persian version of abbreviated mental test (AMT) in elderly residents of Kahrizak Charity foundation. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2014; 13(6): 487-94. [Persian]##Gandek B, Ware JE, Aaronson NK, Apolone G, Bjorner JB, Brazier JE, et al. Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: results from the IQOLA Project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.1998; 51(11): 1171-8.##Ware J, Kosinski MM, Keller S. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care. 1996, 34(3): 220-33.##Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Mousavi SJ, Omidvari S. The Iranian version of 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9(1): 1-10.##Mouton A, Gillet N, Mouton F, Van Kann D, Bruyère O, Cloes M, et al. Effects of a giant exercising board game intervention on ambulatory physical activity among nursing home residents: a preliminary study. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2017; 12: 847-58.##Thiamwong L, McManus MS, Suwanno J. Development of the Thai healthy aging model: a grounded theory study. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2013; 15(2): 256-61.##Shah KN, Lin FV, Yu F, McMahon JM. Activity engagement and physical function in old age sample. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 69: 55-60.##Matlabi H, Shaghaghi A, Amiri SH. A pilot physical activity initiative to improve mental health status amongst Iranian institutionalized older people. Health Promotion Perspectives. 2014; 4(1): 68-76.##Asztalos M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. The relationship between physical activity and mental health varies across activity intensity levels and dimensions of mental health among women and men. Public Health Nutrition. 2010; 13(8):1207-14.##Martinsen EW. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 62(sup47): 25-9.##Nazakatolhosaini M, Mokhtari M, Esfarjani F. The effect of pilates training on improvement of motor and cognitive functions related to falling in elderly female. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(3):489-501. [Persian]##Geda YE, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Christianson TJ, Pankratz VS, Ivnik RJ, et al. Physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study. Archives of Neurology. 2010; 67(1): 80-6.##Brach JS, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky S, Yaffe K, Newman AB. The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the health, aging and body composition study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004; 52(4): 502-9.##Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Abdolshahi M, Salehian Dehkordi M. The effect of physical activity different levels on cognitive function and quality of life in elderly people with sleep disorders. Sport Psychology Studies. 2015; 4(12): 43-58.##Tetlie Eik-Nes T, Eik-Nes N, Palmstierna T, Callaghan P, Nøttestad JA. The effect of exercise on psychological and physical health outcomes: preliminary results from a Norwegian Forensic Hospital. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2008; 46(7): 38-43.##Mirbagheri N, Memarian R, Mohamadi E. Effects of regular walking programme on quality of life of elderly patients with moderate COPD. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2007; 2(6-7): 19-28. [Persian]##Panahi R, Osmani F, Sahraei M, Ebrahimi S, Shamsinejad Gashti M, Javanmardi E. Relationship of health literacy and quality of life in adults residing in Karaj, Iran. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2018; 4(4): 9-13. [Persian]##Habibi A, Nikpour S, Seiedoshohadaei M, Haghani H. Quality of life and status of physical functioning among elderly people in west region of Tehran: a cross-sectional survey. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 21(53):29-39.## ##

Dizziness is Associated with Poor Mental and Physical Health Outcomes: a Cross-Sectional National Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in India 2 2 Introduction: Dizziness may be associated with negative health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the associations between dizziness and mental and physical health outcomes in middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults in India. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 72,262 individuals (≥ 45 years) of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 in 2017-2018 were analyzed. Dizziness was assessed with the question of having persistent or troublesome dizziness or light headedness in the past two years. Results: More than one in seven participants (13.7%) reported past 2-years dizziness. In adjusted logistic, linear and Poisson regression analyses, dizziness was associated with worse self-rated health status, lower life satisfaction, major depressive disorder, insomnia symptoms and severe fatigue. Regarding physical health, dizziness increased the odds of pain conditions, cardiovascular conditions, chronic lung disease, functional limitations, fall history, hearing loss, impaired vision and higher number of medications currently used. In addition, in the unadjusted analysis, dizziness was negatively associated with cognitive functioning. Conclusion: Dizziness was associated with six poor mental health and eight poor physical health outcomes. Findings support multidimensional management of dizziness in the general population. 14 20 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/30 1400/11/10 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/20 1401/1/31 Supa Pengpid Supa Pengpid Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Thailand Karl Peltzer Karl Peltzer Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan Taiwan kfpeltzer@gmail.com Dizziness Health Aged India Brain and Spine Foundation. Dizziness and balance problems, 2015 [cited 2021 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.brainandspine.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/BSF_Dizziness-and-balance-A5-booklet.pdf##Murdin L, Schilder AG. Epidemiology of balance symptoms and disorders in the community: a systematic review. Otology & Neurotology. 2014; 36(3): 387-92.##Chang J, Hwang SY, Park SK, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Chae SW, et al. Prevalence of dizziness and associated factors in South Korea: A cross-sectional survey from 2010 to 2012. Journal of Epidemiology. 2018; 28(4):176-84.##Lasisi AO, Gureje O. Prevalence and correlates of dizziness in the Ibadan Study of Ageing. Ear Nose Throat Journal. 2014; 93(4-5): 37-44.##Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and associated factors of dizziness among a national community-dwelling sample of older adults in India in 2017-2018. Makara Journal of Health Research. 2021; 25(3): 180−7.##Saxena A, Prabhakar MC. Performance of DHI score as a predictor of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in geriatric patients with dizziness/vertigo: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(3):e58106.##Johansson M, Andersson G. Prevalence of dizziness in relation to psychological factors and general health in older adults. Audiological Medicine. 2006; 4(3): 144-50.##Grill E, Heuberger M, Strobl R, Saglam M, Holle R, Linkohr B, et al. Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of vestibular hypo function. Results from the KORA-FF4 survey. Frontiers in Neurology. 2018; 9: 1076.##Moraes SA, Soares WJ, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Prevalence and correlates of dizziness in community-dwelling older people: a cross sectional population based study. BMC Geriatrics. 2013; 13(1): 1-9.##Andersson G, Yardley L. Time-series analysis of the relationship between dizziness and stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2000; 41(1): 49-54.##Borsetto D, Corazzi V, Obholzer R, Bianchini C, Pelucchi S, Solmi M, et al. Dizziness, psychological disorders, and cognitive decline. Panminerva Medica. 2021.##Tamber AL, Bruusgaard D. Self-reported faintness or dizziness - comorbidity and use of medicines. An epidemiological study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2009; 37(6): 613-20.##Sloane PD, Hartman M, Mitchell CM. Psychological factors associated with chronic dizziness in patients aged 60 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994; 42(8): 847-52.##Von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lempert T, Neuhauser,H. Population-based epidemiological evidence for the link between dizziness and migraine. Aktuelle Neurologie. 2008; 35(S01): 623.##Gassmann KG, Rupprecht R. Dizziness in an older community dwelling population: a multifactorial syndrome. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2009; 13(3): 278-82.##Lopes AR, Moreira MD, Trelha CS, Marchiori LL. Association between complaints of dizziness and hypertension in non-institutionalized elders. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2013; 17(2): 157-62.##Bösner S, Schwarm S, Grevenrath P, Schmidt L, Hörner K, Beidatsch D, et al. Prevalence, aetiologies and prognosis of the symptom dizziness in primary care - a systematic review. BMC Family Practice. 2018; 19(1): 1-13.##Prell T, Wassermann A, Zipprich HM, Finn S, Axer H. Impact of common dizziness associated symptoms on dizziness handicap in older adults. Front in Neurology. 2021; 12: 1-9.##Mueller M, Strobl R, Jahn K, Linkohr B, Ladwig KH, Mielck A, et al. Impact of vertigo and dizziness on self-perceived participation and autonomy in older adults: results from the KORA-Age study. Quality of Life Research. 2014; 23(8): 2301-8.##Zanotto D, Mamuyac EM, Chambers AR, Nemer JS, Stafford JA, Agrawal SK, et al. Dizziness handicap inventory score is highly correlated with markers of gait disturbance. Otology & Neurology. 2017; 38(10): 1490-9.##Lin HW, Bhattacharyya N. Impact of dizziness and obesity on the prevalence of falls and fall-related injuries. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(12): 2797-801.##International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS). Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1, An Investigation of Health, Economic, and Social Well-being of India’s Growing Elderly Population. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; 2020. India Report.##Schnittker J, Bacak V. The increasing predictive validity of self-rated health. PLoS One. 2014; 9(1):e84933.##Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1985; 49(1): 71-5.##Lee J, Smith JP. Regional disparities in adult height, educational attainment and gender difference in late- life cognition: findings from the longitudinal aging study in India (LASI). The Journal of the Economics of Ageing. 2014; 4: 26-34.##Kessler RC, Andrews A, Mroczek D, Ustun B, Wittchen HU. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998; 7: 171–85.##Steffick D. Documentation of affective functioning measures in the health and retirement study [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2021 Nov 20]. Available from: https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/dr-005.pdf##Jenkins CD, Stanton BA, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1988; 41(4): 313-21.##Cho E, Chen TY. The bidirectional relationships between effort-reward imbalance and sleep problems among older workers. Sleep Health. 2020; 6(3): 299-305.##Fabbri M, Beracci A, Martoni M, Meneo D, Tonetti L, Natale V. Measuring subjective sleep quality: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3): 1082.##Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289(19): 2560–72.##Rose GA. The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1962; 27(6): 645–58.##Achterberg S, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Cramer MJ, Kappelle LJ, Graaf YVD, Algra A. Prognostic value of the Rose questionnaire: a validation with future coronary events in the SMART study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2012; 19(1): 5-14.##Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged. the index of adl: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1963; 185(12): 914-9.##Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969; 9(3):179-86.##Berkman LF, Sekher TV, Capistrant B, Zheng Y. Social networks, family, and care giving among older adults in India. In: Smith JP & Majmundar M, editors. Aging in Asia: findings from new and emerging data initiatives. Washington DC: The National Academic Press; 2012. P.261-78.##Neuhauser HK. The epidemiology of dizziness and vertigo. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2016; 137: 67-82.##Best C, Eckhardt-Henn A, Tschan R, Dieterich M. Why do subjective vertigo and dizziness persist over one year after a vestibular vertigo syndrome?. Annls of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009; 1164(1): 334–7.##Ciorba A, Bianchini C, Scanelli G, Pala M, Zurlo A, Aimoni C. The impact of dizziness on quality-of-life in the elderly. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2017; 274(3): 1245-50.##Bronstein AM, Lempert T, Seemungal BM. Chronic dizziness: a practical approach. Practical Neurology. 2010; 10(3): 129-39.##Yardley L, Owen N, Nazareth I, Luxon L. Prevalence and presentation of dizziness in a general practice community sample of working age people. British Journal of General Practice. 1998; 48(429): 1131-5.##Yardley L. Vertigo and dizziness. London: Routledge; 1994.##Tinetti ME, Williams CS, Gill TM. Dizziness among older adults: a possible geriatric syndrome. Annals Internal Medicine. 2000; 132(5): 337-44.##Schmid G, Henningsen P, Dieterich M, Sattel H, Lahmann C. Psychotherapy in dizziness: a systematic review. Journal Neurol of Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011; 82(6): 601-6.## ##

The Contribution of Physical and Mental Trainings to Depression and Insomnia Disorders in Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Aging is associated with biological changes and may lead to various cognitive behavioural disorders such as insomnia and depression. Non-pharmacological interventions with pharmacological therapies would be effective, economical, and safe. The present study compared the effect of muscle strength-range of movement (MSROM) training and digital game on insomnia and depression disorders in older women and men. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre/post- intervention. After recruitment invitations and screening, 92 participants were randomly assigned into three groups including physical training (PT; n = 31), mental training (MT; n = 30) and control group (CG; n = 31). Insomnia and depression were measured by insomnia severity index and geriatric depression scale (short form), respectively. The training programs were held 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Physical training began with 25 minutes in the first week and finished with 60 minutes in the eighth week using Borg rating of perceived exertion within the desired 13 to 15 range. A mental game has been launched on Android operating systems on cell phones/tablets which consisted of 4 games with 3 levels. Differences in variables were assessed via Factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed significant decreases in PT compared with CG in men (p = 0.010) and women (p = 0.038) regarding insomnia. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in PT compared with CG (p = 0.005) and PT compared with MT (p = 0.003) in men regarding depression; Significant decreases were also observed through comparing PT with CG (p = 0.043) in women regarding depression. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that MSROM training improved moderate insomnia and mild depression compared to smart thinker training in older women and men regardless of gender. 21 28 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/302021/09/4 1400/6/13 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/202022/06/18 1401/3/28 Fatemeh Hosseini Fatemeh Hosseini Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran Abuzar Jorbonian Abuzar Jorbonian Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Iran Saeed Ghorbani Saeed Ghorbani Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran Reza Rezaeeshirazi Reza Rezaeeshirazi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Iran Dr.rezaee@aliabadiau.ac.ir MSROM Smart Thinker Insomnia Depression Aging Colloca G, Di Capua B, Bellieni A, Fusco D, Ciciarello F, Tagliaferri L, et al. Biological and functional biomarkers of aging: definition, characteristics, and how they can impact everyday cancer treatment. Current Oncology Reports. 2020; 22(11): 1-12.##Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Tranah G, Cauley JA, et al. Measures of sleep–wake patterns and risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia in older women. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016; 24(3): 24858.##Lee ES, Youn H, Hyung WSW, Suh S, Han CE, Eo JS, et al. The effects of cerebral amyloidopathy on regional glucose metabolism in older adults with depression and mild cognitive impairment while performing memory tasks. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2021; 54(7): 6663-72.##Alexopoulos GS. Pharmacotherapy for late-life depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011; 72(1): E04.##Passos GS, Poyares DLR, Santana MG, Tufik S, Mello MT. Is exercise an alternative treatment for chronic insomnia? Clinics. 2012; 67(6): 6539.##Taylor D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2014; 90(1059): 2632.##Bridle C, Spanjers K, Patel S, Atherton NM, Lamb SE. Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012; 201(3): 1805.##Wang F, Boros S. The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: a systematic review. European Journal of Physiotherapy. 2021; 23(1):1118.##Varrasse M, Li J, Gooneratne N. Exercise and sleep in community-dwelling older adults. Current Sleep Medicine Reports. 2015; 1(4): 23240.##Damirchi A, Hosseini F, Babaei P. Mental training enhances cognitive function and BDNF more than either physical or combined training in elderly women with MCI: a small-scale study. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias. 2018; 33(1): 209.##Li BY, Tang HD, Qiao Y, Chen SD. Mental training for cognitive improvement in elderly people: What have we learned from clinical and neurophysiologic studies?. Current Alzheimer Research. 2015; 12(6): 54352.##Giuli C, Papa R, Lattanzio F, Postacchini D. The effects of cognitive training for elderly: results from my mind project. Rejuvenation Research. 2016; 19(6): 48594.##Haimov I, Shatil E. Cognitive training improves sleep quality and cognitive function among older adults with insomnia. Sleep Medicine. 2013; 8(4): 38.##Senra H, Macedo AF, Nunes N, Balaskas K, Aslam T, Costa E. Psychological and psychosocial interventions for depression and anxiety in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2019; 27(8): 755-73.##Perach R, Allen CK, Kapantai I, Madrid-Valero JJ, Miles E, Charlton RA, et al. The psychological wellbeing outcomes of nonpharmacological interventions for older persons with insomnia symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2019; 43: 1-49.##Dzierzewsk JM, O’Brien EM, Kay D, McCrae CS. Tackling sleeplessness: psychological treatment options for insomnia in older adults. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2010; 2: 47-61.##Kozasa EH, Hachul H, Monson C, Pinto JRL, Garcia MC, Mello LEDAM, et al. Mind-body interventions for the treatment of insomnia: a review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 32(4): 437-43.##Belam G. Yoga as an intervention for older people mental health: a literature review. Working with Older People. 2020; 24(3): 159-69.##Hill NT, Mowszowski L, Naismith SL, Chadwick VL, Valenzuela M, Lampit A. Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017; 174(4): 32940.##Morin CM, Belleville G, Belanger L, Ivers H. The insomnia severity index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011; 34(5): 6018.##Manber R, Edinger JD, Gress JL, Pedro-Salcedo MGS, Kuo TF, Kalista T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia. Sleep. 2008; 31(4): 48995.##Shahar S, Hassan J, Sundar VV, Kong AYW, Chin SP, Ahmad SA, et al. Determinants of depression and insomnia among institutionalized elderly people in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 4(3): 18895.##Tamura N, Tanaka H. Effects of sleep management with self-help treatment for the Japanese elderly with chronic insomnia: a quasi-experimental study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2017; 40(4):65968.##Sierra JC, Guillén-Serrano V, Santos-Iglesias P. Insomnia severity index: some indicators about its reliability and validity on an older adults’ sample. Revista de Neurologia. 2008; 47(11): 56670.##Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, Elmizadeh K. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS. 2012; 19(4): 31-6.##Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Fulmer TT, Boltz M, O'Meara A, editors. Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. 3nd ed. Springer Publishing Company; 2016.##Jorge ML, de Oliveira VN, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz AL, et al. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011; 60(9): 124452.##Milot MH, Leonard G, Corriveau H, Desrosiers J. Using the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale to grade the intensity of a functional training program of the affected upper limb after a stroke: a feasibility study. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2019; 14: 9-16.##Chi H, Agama E, Prodanoff ZG. Developing serious games to promote cognitive abilities for the elderly. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH); 2017 Apr 2-4; Perth, WA, Australia. IEEE; 2017.##Sonnega A, Leggett A, Pepin R, Assari S. Physical activity and insomnia symptoms over 10 years in a US national sample of late-middle-age and older adults: age matters. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2020; 28(4): 1-10.##Morita Y, Sasai-Sakuma T, Inoue Y. Effects of acute morning and evening exercise on subjective and objective sleep quality in older individuals with insomnia. Sleep Medicine. 2017; 34: 200-8.##Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Vigorous physical activity, perceived stress, sleep and mental health among university students from 23 low-and middle-income countries. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2018; 32(2).##Kakinami L, OLoughlin EK, Brunet J, Dugas EN, Constantin E, Sabiston CM, et al. Associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior with sleep quality and quantity in young adults. Sleep Health. 2017; 3(1): 5661.##Wang F, Boros S. The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: a systematic review. European Journal of Physiotherapy. 2021; 23(1): 118.##Stutz J, Eiholzer R, Spengler CM. Effects of evening exercise on sleep in healthy participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2019; 49(2): 26987.##Li F, Fisher KJ, Harmer P, Irbe D, Tearse RG, Weimer C. Tai Chi and self rated quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004; 52(6): 892900.##Abdulrasool MD, EmadOdaJoda AA, Abdulrasool MD. The effect of psycho-physiological sports proposed in terms of the hormone endorphins serotonin and their relative results on mental fitness in the aged. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2020; 23(13): 231369.##Gramaglia C, Gattoni E, Marangon D, Concina D, Grossini E, Rinaldi C, et al. Non-pharmacological approaches to depressed elderly with no or mild cognitive impairment in long-term care facilities. a systematic review of the literature. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 9: 1-24.##Yasunaga A, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Oka K. Cross-sectional associations of sedentary behaviour and physical activity on depression in Japanese older adults: an is temporal substitution approach. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(9): 1-6.##Byeon H. Relationship between physical activity level and depression of elderly people living alone: Results from a nationally representative sample of elderly in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20): 1-12.##Turunen M, Hokkanen L, Bäckman L, Stigsdotter-Neely A, Hänninen T, Paajanen T, et al. Computer-based cognitive training for older adults: determinants of adherence. PLoS One. 2019; 14(7): 1-12.##Suh S, Cho N, Zhang J. Sex differences in insomnia: from epidemiology and etiology to intervention. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2018; 20(9): 112.##Madrid-Valero JJ, Martinez-Selva JM, Couto BRD, Sanchez-Romera JF, Ordonana JR. Age and gender effects on the prevalence of poor sleep quality in the adult population. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2016; 31(1):18-22.##Zhao L, Han G, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Ge T, Yang W, et al. Gender differences in depression: evidence from genetics. Frontiers in Genetics. 2020; 15(11): 1-15.##Kang HJ, Park Y, Yoo KH, Kim KT, Kim ES, Kim JW, et al. Sex differences in the genetic architecture of depression. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1): 1-12.## ##

Building Stones of Resilience of Vulnerable Older Persons 2 2 Introduction: Vulnerable older persons need sufficient resilience to deal with (age-related) adversities and safeguard their quality of life. In this study, we investigate which sources of strength vulnerable older persons use to deal adversities. Methods: This qualitative study is based on fifteen narratives of community-dwelling vulnerable older persons in Belgium, who were selected through a ‘purposive sampling’ strategy. Results: Vulnerable older persons use various interrelated sources of strength situated on the individual, interactional, and contextual domains. On the individual domain, important sources of strength are having an optimistic life view and accepting the own vulnerabilities. On the interactional domain positive social relations, ‘the power of giving’ and social participation are sources of strength that benefit the quality of life of older persons, and on the contextual domain various welfare benefits are essential. Conclusion: It is crucial to stimulate those sources of strength, for example by removing contextual barriers that impede social participation. The results can guide empowering interventions that aim to reinforce the sources of strength of vulnerable older persons, which will positively affect their resilience and general well-being. 29 35 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/302021/09/42022/03/1 1400/12/10 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/202022/06/182022/05/11 1401/2/21 Jasper De Witte Jasper De Witte Research Institute for Work and Society , University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Belgium jasper.dewitte@kuleuven.be Tine Van Regenmortel Tine Van Regenmortel Department of Social Sciences and Research Institute for Work and Society , University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Belgium Resilience Vulnerable Aged Narratives Strength Clark PG, Burbank PM, Greene G, Riebe D. What do we know about resilience in older adults? an exploration of some facts, factors, and facets. In Resnick B, Gwyther L, Roberto KA, editors. Resilience in Aging. Concepts, Research, and Outcomes. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 51-66.##Kuyken W, Orley J, Power M, Herrman H, Schofield H, Murphy B, et al. The World health organization quality of live assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the world health organization. Social Science & Medicine. 1995; 41(10): 1403-09.##Staudinger UM. Many reasons speak against it, yet many people feel good: The paradox of subjective well-being. Psychologische Rundschau. 1998; 51(4): 185-97.##EUROSTAT. Quality of life: facts and views. Publications Office of the European :union:; 2015.##Greve W, Staudinger UM. Resilience in later adulthood and old age: Resources and potentials for successful aging. In: Cicchetti D. Cohen DJ, editors. Developmental Psychopathology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2006. p. 796 840.##Janssen B. Resilience and old age: community care from an insider and empowerment perspective [PhD thesis]. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 2013.##Gerino E, Rollè L, Sechi C, Brustia P. Loneliness, resilience, mental health, and quality of life in old age: A structural equation model. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8: 2003.##Machielse, A. Afgezonderd of ingesloten? Over sociale kwetsbaarheid van ouderen [Isolated or Included? About social vulnerability of elderly]. Rotterdam: Universiteit voor Humanistiek: 2016.##De Witte J, Van Regenmortel T. Silver empowerment. a quantitative picture of loneliness among elderly in Belgium and Europe. HIVA: Leuven.##Janssen BM, Van Regenmortel T, Abma T. Identifying sources of strength: resilience from the perspective of older people receiving long-term community care. European Journal of Ageing. 2011; 8(3): 145-156.##Earvolino-Ramirez M. Resilience: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum. 2007; 42(2): 73-82.##Ungar M, Hadfield K. The differential impact of environment and resilience on youth outcomes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. 2019; 51(2): 135-46.##Bauman S, Adams JH, Waldo M. Resilience in the oldest-old. Counseling and Human Develop‌ment. 2001; 34(2): 1.##Siriwardhana C, Ali SS, Roberts B, Stewart R. A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Conflict and Health. 2014; 8(1): 1-14.##Hochhalter AK, Smith ML, Ory MG. Successful aging and resilience: applications for public health and health care. In Resnick B, Gwyther L, Roberto K A, editors. Resilience in Aging. Concepts, Research, and Outcomes. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 15-29.##Becker G, Newsom E. Resilience in the face of serious illness among chronically ill African Americans in later life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B. 2005; 60(4): 214-23.##Fuller-Iglesias H, Sellars B, Antonucci TC. Resilience in old age: Social relations as a protective factor. Research in Human Development. 2008; 5(3): 181-93.##Manning LK. Navigating hardships in old age: Exploring the relationship between spirituality and resilience in later life. Qualitative Health Research. 2013: 23(4): 568-75.##Plantinga A. Poor psychology: poverty, shame, and decision making. Ridderprint; 2019.##Moen, T. Reflections on the narrative research approach. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2006; 5(4): 56-69.##Fraser, H. Doing narrative research: Analysing personal stories line by line. Qualitative Social work. 2004: 3(2): 179-201.##Squire C, Andrews M, Tamboukou M. Introduction. In Squire C, Andrews M, Davis M, Esin C, Harrison B, Hyden LC, Hyden M, editors. What is narrative research?. Bloomsbury Publishing; 2014.##Lewis JS. Sense of coherence and the strengths perspective with older persons. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 1997; 26(3-4): 99-112.##Lee JE, Sudom KA, McCreary DR. Higher-order model of resilience in the Canadian forces. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des sciences du comportement. 2011; 43(3): 222-34.##Baldwin DR, Jackson III D, Okoh I, Cannon RL. Resiliency and optimism: An African American senior citizen’s perspective. Journal of Black Psychology. 2011; 37(1): 24-41.##Lee EKO, Chan K. Religious/spiritual and other adaptive coping strategies among Chinese American older immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2009; 52(5): 517-33.##Pentz M. Resilience among older adults with cancer and the importance of social support and spirituality-faith: I don't have time to die. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2005; 44(3-4): 3-22.##Sytsma TT, Schmelkin LA, Jenkins SM, Lovejoy LA, Lapid MI, Piderman KM. “Keep the faith”: spirituality as a contributor to resiliency in five elderly people. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging. 2018; 30(4): 314-24.##Ross L, Holliman D, Dixon DR. Resiliency in family caregivers: implications for social work practice. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2003; 40(3): 81-96.##Webb L, Cox N, Cumbers H, Martikke S, Gedzielewski E, Duale M. Personal resilience and identity capital among young people leaving care: Enhancing identity formation and life chances through involvement in volunteering and social action. Journal of Youth Studies. 2017; 20(7): 889-903.##Bascom GW, Christensen KM. The impacts of limited transportation access on persons with disabilities' social participation. Journal of Transport & Health. 2017; 7: 227-34.##Gallagher MW, Long LJ, Richardson A, D’Souza, JM. Resilience and coping in cancer survivors: The unique effects of optimism and mastery. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2019; 43(1): 32-44.##Masten AS, Wright MOD. Resilience over the life-span: Developmental perspectives on resistance, recovery, and transformation. In Reich JW, Zautra AJ, Hall JS, editors, Handbook of adult resilience. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2009. p. 213-37##Jahedi R, Derakhshani R. The relationship between empathy and altruism with resilience among soldiers. Journal of Military Psychology. 2020; 10(40): 57-65. [Persian]## ##

Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Agitation, Apathy and Cognitive Function in Male Elders with Mild Cognitive Impairment 2 2 Introduction: The elders need proper medical and psychiatric care and attention, so choosing a suitable therapeutic approach for their psychological care, especially in those with cognitive impairment, will be effective in improving psychological symptoms and their health. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on agitation, apathy and cognitive function. Methods: This quasi-experimental study carried out among male elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Kahrizak Charity nursing home in Alborz province in 2020. A sample of 36 male elders with MCI was purposefully selected and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups. Data were collected through Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory; Apathy Evaluation Scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic. The intervention group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes, cognitive rehabilitation based on kelly and O'Sullivan's cognitive rehabilitation strategies and techniques. Results: After controlling the mean scores of the pretest, a significant difference was observed in agitation (96.6 vs 101.9) apathy (30.02 vs 34.10) and cognitive function (19.60 vs 16.80) between experimental and control groups. This means that cognitive rehabilitation reduced agitation and apathy with effect sizes of 0.42 and 0.54 respectively and increased cognitive function with an effect size of 0.65. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in reducing agitation, apathy and increasing cognitive function of the participants, cognitive rehabilitation is suggested to improve individual functioning and interpersonal relationships in the elderly with MCI. 36 42 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/302021/09/42022/03/12021/11/27 1400/9/6 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/202022/06/182022/05/112022/05/31 1401/3/10 Zahra Fereidouni Valashejerdi Zahra Fereidouni Valashejerdi Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Iran zfereidouni@yahoo.com Shahnam Abolghasemi Shahnam Abolghasemi Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Iran sh.abolhassemi@tunaiu.ac.ir Javad Khalatbari Javad Khalatbari Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Iran Morteza Tarkhan Morteza Tarkhan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran Cognitive Rehabilitation Agitation Apathy Cognition Cognitive Impairment Aging Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dementia [Internet]. 2018 [Cited 2021 Oct 1]. Available from: https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Sadockʹs synopsis of psychiatry behavioral sciences clinical psychiatry [Purafkari N, trans]. LWW; 2014.##Jean L, Bergeron MÈ, Thivierge S, Simard M. Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2010; 18(4): 281-96.##Simpson JR. DSM-5 and neurocognitive disorders. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2014; 42(2): 159-64.##Cherry K. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition; DSM-5-TR™. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2022.##Duff K. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Definitions, diagnosis, and treatment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2014; 29(7): 691–2.##Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Kochan NA, Crawford JD, Thalamuthu A, Andrews G, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in diverse geographical and ethno cultural regions: The COSMIC collaboration. PLoS One. 2015; 10(11): 1-19.##Flicker C, Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology. 1991; 41(7): 1006-9.##Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology. 1999; 56(1): 303-8.##Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2004; 256(3): 183-94.##Janelidze M, Botchorishvili N. Mild cognitive impairment. In: Dorszewska J, Kozubski W. Alzheimer’s disease-The 21st Century Challenge. Georgia: 2018. p. 91-107.##Gold CA, Budson AE. Memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for development of therapeutics. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics. 2008; 8(12): 1879-91.##Holtzer R, Tang MX, Devanand DP, Albert SM, Wegesin DJ, Marder K, et al. Psychopathological features in Alzheimer’s disease: Course and relationship with cognitive status. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51(7): 953–60.##Gomez-Soria L, Peralta-Marrupe P, Plo F. Cognitive stimulation program in mild cognitive impairment A randomized controlled trial. Dementia e Neuropsychologia. 2020; 14(2):110-7.##Rozzini L, Costardi D, Chilovi BV, Franzoni S, Trabucchi, M, Padovani, A. Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007; 22(4): 356–60.##Kelly ME, Lawlor BA, Coen RF, Robertson IH, Brennan S. Cognitive rehabilitation for early stage Alzheimer’s disease; a pilot study with an Irish population. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2017; 36(2): 1–15.##Clare L, Bayer A, Burns A, Corbett A, Jones R, Knapp M, et al. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation in early-stage dementia; study protocol for a multi-center single-blind randomized controlled trial (GREAT). Trials. 2013; 14(1): 1-16.##Giuli C, Papa R, Lattanzio F, Postacchini D. The effects of cognitive training for elderly; results from my mind project. Rejuvenation Research. 2016; 19(6): 485–94.##Zare M, Shayeghian Z, Birashk B, Afkham Ebrahimi A. Reliability, validity and factor analysis of cohen-mansfield agitation inventory (CMAI). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2012; 18(1): 67-73. [Persian]##Cohen-Mansfield J. Instruction Manual for the cohen-mansfield agitation inventory (CMAI) [Internet]. USA: Rockville; 1991 [cited 2021 Oct 10]. Available from: https://dementiaresearch.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CMAI_Manual.pdf##Griffiths Aw, Albertyn ChP, Burnley NL, Creese B, Walwyn R, Holloway I, et al. Validation of the cohen-mansfield agitation inventory observational (CMAI-O) tool. International Psychogeriatrics. 2020; 32(1): 75-85##Marin RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1991; 3(3): 243–54.##Umucu E, Wyman M, Lee B, Zuelsdorff M, Benton SF, Nystrom N, et al. Apathy in preclinical alzheimer’s disease: psychometric validation of the apathy evaluation scale. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias. 2018; 34(1): 16-22.##Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005; 53(4): 695-9.##Saleh A, Alkholy R, Osama O, Sabry NA, Amer H, El-Jaafary S, et al. Validation of Montreal cognitive assessment-basic in a sample of elderly Egyptians with neurocognitive disorders. Aging and Mental Health. 2019; 23(5): 551-7.##Kelly ME, O’Sullivan M. Strategies and techniques for cognitive rehablitaion: Manual for healthcare professionals working with individuals with cognitive impairment [Internet]. Department of Environment; 2015 [cited 2021 Agu 12]. Available from: /alzheimer.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2015-Cognitive-Rehabilitation.pdf##Corrigan JD, Mysiw WJ. Agitation following traumatic head injury: equivocal evidence for a discrete stage of cognitive recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1988; 69(7): 487-92.##Montoya-Murillo G, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Peña J, Ojeda N. Effects of cognitive rehabilitation on cognition, apathy, quality of life, and subjective complaints in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020; 28(5): 518-529.##Brodaty H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia; a systematic review. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2012; 20(7): 549–564.##Skidmore ER, Whyte EM, Butters MA, Terhorst L, Reynolds CF. Strategy training during inpatient rehabilitation may prevent apathy symptoms after acute stroke. The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation. 2015; 7(6): 562–570.##Skidmore ER, Dawson DR, Butters MA, Grattan ES, Juengst SB, Whyte EM, et al. strategy training shows promise for addressing disability in the first 6 months after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2014; 29(7): 668–676.##Zare H, Siahjani L. The efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation on mental state and memory function of the elderly with mild Alzheimer's. Journal in Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2018; 20(3):51-66.##Rahe J, Petrelli A, Kaesberg S, Fink GR, Kessler J, Kalbe E. Effects of cognitive training with additional physical activity compared to pure cognitive training in healthy older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2015; 10(1): 297–310.##Reijnders J, van Heugten C, van Boxtel M. Cognitive interventions in healthy older adults and people with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews. 2013; 12(1): 263–275.## ##

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Compassion Therapy on Despair and Rumination in Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Hopelessness and negative rumination are among issues the older adults cope with it. Examining effective therapy strategies to decrease them are of great importance. The current study was conducted with regard to understanding the importance of this issue. It aims at examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy on hopelessness and rumination among the female elderly. Methods: It was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Statistical population was 70 elderly females of over 60 and above in nursing home in Bojnurd City, North Khorasan Province, Iran, in 2020. Among these people, 30 individuals willing to participate in the study were introduced by the center’s psychologist and randomly assigned into two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. Instrument for collecting data was Beck Hopelessness Scale and Hooksma rumination questionnaire. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by the covariance analysis test. Results: Results suggested that mindfulness-based compassion therapy led to a significant decrease on mean scores of hopelessness regarding the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p < 0.01). However, it did not have a significant effect on rumination. Conclusion: Mindfulness-based compassion therapy may be used for decrease of hopelessness regarding aging, but it is not effective for rumination. 43 48 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/302021/09/42022/03/12021/11/272022/01/28 1400/11/8 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/202022/06/182022/05/112022/05/312022/06/26 1401/4/5 Marjan Kalatian Marjan Kalatian Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran kalatianmarjan@gmail.com Maryam Salehzadeh Maryam Salehzadeh Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran AliReza Bakhshayesh AliReza Bakhshayesh Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran Compassion Mindfulness Hopelessness Rumination Female Elderly Williamson V, Stevelink SA, Greenberg K, Greenberg N. The prevalence of mental health disorders in elderly US military veterans: a meta-analysis and systematic review. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2017; 25(5): 534-45.##Kaleta K, Mróz J. The relationship between basic hope and depression: forgiveness as a mediator. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2020; 91(3): 877-86.##Rezende MC, Bast DF, Huziwara EM, Bortoloti R. The implicit relational assessment procedure as a measure of hopelessness in the elderly: an exploratory study. The Psychological Record. 2021; 71(2): 313-7.##Collado-Navarro C, Navarro-Gil M, Pérez-Aranda A, López del Hoyo Y, Garcia-Campayo J, Montero-Marin J. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and attachment-based compassion therapy for the treatment of depressive, anxious, and adjustment disorders in mental health settings: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Trials in Depression and Anxiety. 2021; 38(11): 1138-51.##Farrokhzadian AS, Mirderekvand F. The effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on increasing psychological well-being and reducing depression in the elderly. Aging Psychology. 2018; 3(4): 293-302. [Persian]##Penninx BW. Depression and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017; 74(B): 277-86.##Dunn SL, Dunn L, Goodyke M, DeVon HA, Vander Berg L, Tintle NL. Abstract P312: high state and trait hopelessness levels predict lower home-based exercise participation in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2017; 135(suppl_1): 312.##Whisman MA, du Pont A, Butterworth P. Longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in a probability sample of adults. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 260: 680-6.##Kakavand A. The effectiveness of mindfulness on dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms in elderly women with depressive disorder. Aging Psychology. 2016; 2(2): 101-91. [Persian]##Tian M, Yan S, Wang N. Evaluating the effectiveness of Snyder's theory-based group hope therapy to improve self-efficacy of university students in finance. NeuroQuantology. 2018; 16(6): 118-24.##Haghdust Z, Mobayen M, Omidi S. The relationship between spiritual experiences and life expectancy and death anxiety in burn patients. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2021; 38(598): 811-7.##Raphi F, Bani S, Farvareshi M, Hasanpour S, Mirghafourvand M. Effect of hope therapy on psychological well-being of women after abortion: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2021; 21(1): 1-10.##Watkins E, Roberts H. Reflecting on rumination: consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination. Behavior Research and Therapy. 2020; 127: 103573.##Smith KE, Mason TB, Lavender JM. Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology: a meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review. 2018; 61: 9-23.##Ahmadi ML. Structural relationship of dysfunctional thoughts and rumination with eating disorder symptoms mediated by avoidance performance. Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2019; 14(53): 47-56.##Raines AM, Vidaurri DN, Portero AK, Schmidt NB. Associations between rumination and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 13: 63-7.##Zemestani M, Mehrabian T, Mosalman M. Prediction of the amount of worrying based on meta-cognitive beliefs and rumination in students. iranian journal of psychiatric nursing. 2016; 4(3): 51-7.##Gluschkoff K, Oksman E, Knafo-Noam A, Dobewall H, Hintsa T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. The early roots of compassion: From child care arrangements to dispositional compassion in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences. 2018; 129: 28-32.##K R. Compassion-focused therapy in simple language. Tehran: Danjeh Publications. 2016.##Seabrook E, Kelly R, Foley F, Theiler S, Thomas N, Wadley G, et al. Understanding how virtual reality can support mindfulness practice: mixed methods study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020; 22(3): e16106.##Du J, Kerkhof P, van Koningsbruggen GM. The reciprocal relationships between social media self-control failure, mindfulness and wellbeing: A longitudinal study. PloS One. 2021; 16(8): e0255648.##Baharvandi B, Kazemianmoghadam K, Haroon Rashidi H. The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Ambiguity Tolerance and Death Anxiety in the Elderly. Aging Psychology. 2020; 6(1):13-26. [Persian]##Aghayousefi A, Kharbu A, Hatami H. The role of rumination on psychological well-being and anxiety the spouses' cancer patients. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology. 2015; 4(14): 79-97. [Persian]##Noorbala F, Borjali A, Noorbala AA. The interaction effect between “Self-Compassion” and “Rumination” of depressed patients in “Compassion Focused Therapy. Daneshvar. 2013; 20(104): 77-92. [Persian]##Hooshi N, Khodabakhshi Koulayi A, Falsafinejad M. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group counselling on the quality of sleep and rumination among the elderly. Journal of Assessment and Research in Counselling and Psychology. 2020; 2(1): 35-51. [Persian]##Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2008; 3(5): 400-24.##Sajad Alighanavati S, Bahrami F, Goodarzi K, Roozbehani M. Effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on rumination and concern of women with breast cancer. Journal of Health Psychology. 2018; 7(27): 152-68. [Persian]##Kroemeke A. Coping flexibility and health-related quality of life among older adults: the compensatory effect of co-rumination. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10: 59.## ##

The Effect of Teaching Fundamentals of Geriatric Life on Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes toward Aging 2 2 Introduction: Nurses are always involved with caring for elderly patients. They need to increase their knowledge and skills in the field of aging to provide effective care to elderly patients. Moreover, attitudes of nurses affect the quality of care for elderly people. Some interventions such as education are effective tools for improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes to better understand the problems of the elderly. The present study aims at determining the effect of teaching fundamentals of geriatric life on nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward aging. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with control group study. It was performed on 91 nurses working in Meybod (44 nurses) and Ardakan Hospitals (47 nurses). Training sessions on fundamentals of geriatric life were conducted for the experimental group. The training program consisted of five training sessions in the field of geriatrics . Data collection instruments included: Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz, and Kogan's Attitude Toward Older People Scale, which were completed three times before, immediately after, and two months after the intervention for both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in knowledge between the two groups before the intervention (p = 0.792). Yet, the knowledge score immediately and two months after the intervention showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.01). The mean score of attitude before intervention was no significant difference between groups (p = 0.069). However, there was a significant difference in attitude score immediately and two months after the intervention between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.01). Conclusion: Teaching fundamentals of geriatric nursing to nurses improved their knowledge and attitudes toward the problems and needs of the elderls. Using retraining courses in the field of aging is recommended for nurses. 49 55 2021/10/42022/06/252021/06/142022/01/302021/09/42022/03/12021/11/272022/01/282019/12/31 1398/10/10 2022/05/252022/06/252022/05/212022/04/202022/06/182022/05/112022/05/312022/06/262022/05/29 1401/3/8 Maryam Haghani Maryam Haghani Research Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Zahra Mandegari Zahra Mandegari Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Arefe Dehghani Tafti Arefe Dehghani Tafti Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Khadije Nasiriyani Khadije Nasiriyani Research Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Department of Nursing, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Ahmad Entezari Ahmad Entezari Department of Anesthesia and Operation Room, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran ahentezari@gmail.com Education Knowledge Attitude Patient Aged Nurses Hosseini Seresht A, Nasiri Ziba F, Kermani A, Hosseini F. Assesment of nursing students and clinial nurses' attitude toward elderly care. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2006; 19(45): 57-67. [Persian]##Sum S, Emamian S, Sefidchian A. Aging educational program to reduce ageism: Intergenerational approach. Elderly Health Journal. 2016; 2(1): 33-8.##Mateos-Nozal J, Beard JR. Global approaches to geriatrics in medical education. European Geriatric Medicine. 2011; 2(2): 87-92.##Dadgaran I, Mansourghanaei R. Implementation and Evaluation of Community health education through service learning in the elderly sanitarium. Research in Medical Education. 2013; 4(2): 9-16. [Persian]##Morowatisharifabad MA, Bahram AH, Bidaki R, Namayandeh SM. Comparison of knowledge and attitude of health care providers towards aging phenomenon in Yazd and Hamadan, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2019; 5(2): 65-71.##Ghasemi S, Keshavarz Mohammadi N, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Ramezankhani A. A critical review of studies on health needs assessment of elderly in the world. Elderly Health Journal. 2017; 3(1): 1-9.##Evripidou M, Charalambous A, Middleton N, Papastavrou E. Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes about dementia care: systematic literature review. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2018; 55(1): 48-60.##Zenhari N, Foroughan M, Hosseini MA, Karimloo M, Farhadi A. The effects of storytelling on knowledge and attitude toward aging and caring for aged among caregivers working at nursing homes. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2016; 5(6): 19-26.##McKinlay A, Cowan S. Student nurses’ attitudes towards working with older patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003; 43(3): 298-309.##Sharafi H, Khonji A, Rooshenas Z, Rezaei F. The attitude of nurses working in educational hospitals of Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences toward the elderly -2017. Development Strategies in Medical Education. 2018; 5(1): 34-41.##Mohtashamy M. Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP), of nurses regarding care of elderly patients (Tehran 1993). Iran Journal of Nursing. 1996; 10(14 & 15): 90-7. [Persian]##Kareshki H, Rooh Parvar E, Zyghmynzhad F, Garavand H. The role of religious orientation in attitudes toward the elderly among students of clinical psychology, theology, medicine and nursing. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2014; 4(1): 40-9. [Persian]##Artishedar A, Gasemi M, Aghajamaat M, Ghahremani Z. Attitudes toward elderly among nurses working in medical-surgical wards in Zanjan hospitals, 2012. Preventive Care in Nursing & Midwifery Journal. 2015; 4(2): 81-90. [Persian]##Almquist E, Stein S, Weiner A, Linn MW. Evaluation of continuing education for long-term care personnel: impact upon attitudes and knowledge. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1981; 29(3): 117-22.##Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Montazeri A, Foroughan M. Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQI). Payesh (Health Monitor). 2012; 11(2): 245-51.##Özer ZC, Terkeş N. Evaluation of nursing student's attitudes towards ageism in Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016; 116: 2512-5.##Nolan M, Davies S, Brown J, Wilkinson A, Warnes T, McKee K, et al. The role of education and training in achieving change in care homes: a literature review. Journal of Research in Nursing. 2008; 13(5): 411-33.##Liu YE, Norman IJ, While AE. Nurses’ attitudes towards older people: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2013; 50(9): 1271-82.##Palmore E. The facts on aging quiz: a review of findings. The Gerontologist. 1980; 6(2): 669-72.##Adib-Hajbagheri M; Mohamadghasabi M; Alavi Masoodi N. Effect of an elderly care program on nursing students' attitudes toward the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2014; 9 (3):189-96. [Persian]##Asayesh H, Qorbani M, Parvaresh Masoud M, Rahmani Anarki H, Ansari H, Mansourian M, et al. General practitioner attitude toward elders: using Kogan's attitudes questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2014; 13(6): 479-86. [Persian]##Kogan N. Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961; 62(1): 44-54.##Yen CH, Liao WC, Chen YR, Kao MC, Lee MC, Wang CC. A Chinese version of Kogan's attitude toward older people scale: reliability and validity assessment. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009; 46(1): 38-44.##Erdemir F, Kav S, Citak EA, Hanoglu Z, Karahan A. A Turkish version of Kogan's attitude toward older people (KAOP) scale: reliability and validity assessment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2011; 52(3): 162-5.##Alquwez N, Cruz JP, Almazan JU, Alamri MS, Mesde JJ. The Arabic version of the Kogan Attitudes toward Older People Scale among Saudi nursing students: a psychometric analysis. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2018; 38(6): 399-407.##Kogan N. Attitudes toward old people in an older sample. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961; 62(3): 616-22.##Frouzandeh S, Foroughan M, Hosseini MA, Farhadi A, Biglarian A. The relationship of nursing home caregivers’ awareness and attitude towards elderlies with their job. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 9(3): 445-52.##Ravanipour M, Dadaeen A, Jahanpour F, Husseini S. Measuring nurses' knowledge about the facts of aging period in educational hospitals of Bushehr in 2012. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2015; 1(2): 55-68. [Persian]##Elebiary H, Elshenewy H, Abulazm S. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward caring of elderly people in health care sittings. Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2018; 7(3): 76-84.##30. Oyetunde MO, Ojo OO, Ojewale LY. Nurses' attitude towards the care of the elderly: Implications for gerontological nursing training. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2013; 3(7): 150-8.##Mellor P, Chew D, Greenhill JA. Nurses' attitudes toward elderly people and knowledge of gerontic care in a multipurpose health service (MPHS). The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing : a Quarterly Publication of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation. 2007; 24(4): 37-41.##Richardson B, Kitchen G, Livingston G. The effect of education on knowledge and management of elder abuse: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing. 2002; 31(5): 335-41.##Thomson M, Burke K. A nursing assistant training program in a long term care setting. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education. 1998; 19(1): 23-35.##Hamedanizadeh F, Mottahedian Tabrizi E, Sarhangi F, Zigheymat F. A study of attitude among nurses to nursing care of old patients. Kowsar Medical Journal. 2008; 13(3): 253-8. [Persian]##Goodridge D, Johnston P, Thomson M. Impact of a nursing assistant training program on job performance, attitudes, and relationships with residents. Educational Gerontology. 1997; 23(1): 37-51.## ##