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Diogenes Syndrome among the Elderly in Iran 2 2 This article has no abstract.   1 2 2023/03/6 1401/12/15 2023/06/11 1402/3/21 Mohammad Rahimian Mohammad Rahimian Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Torbat-e Jam University of Medical Sciences, Torbat-e Jam, Iran Iran rahimianm7@gmail.com Diogenes syndrome self-neglect hoarding Amanullah S, Oomman S, Datta SS. “Diogenes syndrome” revisited. German Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 12(1): 38-44.##Proctor C, Rahman S. Diogenes syndrome: identification and distinction from hoarding disorder. Case Reports Psychiatry. 2021; 2021: 1-6.##Sacchi L, Rotondo E, Pozzoli S, Fiorentini A, Schinco G, Mandelli C, et al. Diogenes syndrome in dementia: a case report. BJPsych Open. 2021; 7(2): 1-5.##Dupré E. Pathologie de l'imagination et de l'émotivité. Paris: Payot; 1925.##Cipriani G, Lucetti C, Vedovello M, Nuti A. Diogenes syndrome in patients suffering from dementia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2021; 14(4): 455-60.##Clark A, Mankikar G, Gray I. Diogenes syndrome: a clinical study of gross neglect in old age. The Lancet. 1975; 1(7903): 366-8.##Browne D, Hegde R. Diogenes syndrome: patients living with hoarding and squalor. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015: 19(5): 14-20.##Biswas P, Ganguly A, Bala S, Nag F, Choudhary N, Sen S. Diogenes syndrome: a case report. Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine. 2013; 2013: 1-3.##Hanon C, Pinquier C, Gaddour N, Saïd S, Mathis D, Pellerin J. Diogenes syndrome: a transnosographic approach. Encephale. 2004; 30(4): 315-22.##O’Brien JG. Self-neglect in old age. Aging Health. 2011; 7(4): 573-81.##Fontenelle LF. Diogenes syndrome in a patient with obsessive–compulsive disorder without hoarding. General hospital psychiatry. 2008; 30(3): 288-90.##Mohseni M, Rashedi V, Iranpour A, NaghibzadehTahami A, Borhaninejad V. Prevalence of elder abuse and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults in Iran. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. 2019; 31(4-5): 363-72.## ##

The Impact of Sleep Quality on Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Given the high prevalence of poor sleep quality in late adulthood, older adults might be involved with different physical, mental and social consequences of this disorder. Current research was conducted to examine the association between sleep quality and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 800 community-dwelling people aged ≥ 60 years living in Amirkola, North of Iran. The participants were selected by simple random sampling method. Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used for data collection. Seven components of the sleep quality were categorized into the four groups (very good, relatively good, relatively poor, and very poor condition). The participants were divided into the two groups based on their cognitive function, and sleep quality was compared between these two groups. Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation analysis, Chi-square, Pearson's correlation test and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Results: Mean PSQI score among the older adults with normal and abnormal cognitive function was 5.5 ± 3.2 and 5.8 ± 3.3, respectively (p = 0.508). Poor sleep quality was slightly more prevalent in the elderly with cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.775). Logistic regression analysis revealed age (adjusted OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.08; p < 0.001) and level of education (adjusted OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.09-0.20; p < 0.001) had a significant impact on cognitive function; PSQI score (p = 0.254), gender (p = 0.661), and administration of sleeping drugs  showed no significant effect (p = 0.081). Conclusion: Among different components of sleep quality, a significant positive association was observed between the frequency of sleep disturbances with cognitive function in older adults; furthermore, older age and lower level of education showed a significant negative effect on cognitive function. Corresponding Author: Sussan Moudi View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed     Google Scholar Profile   3 8 2023/03/62023/03/18 1401/12/27 2023/06/112023/06/24 1402/4/3 Mahjoobeh Betyar Mahjoobeh Betyar Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Farzan Kheirkhah Farzan Kheirkhah Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Seyed Reza Hosseini Seyed Reza Hosseini Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran hosseinirezaseyed@gmail.com Ali Bijani Ali Bijani Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Sussan Moudi Sussan Moudi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran sussan.mouodi@gmail.com Sleep Cognition Aged Health Vanderlinden J, Boen F, van Uffelen JGZ. Effects of physical activity programs on sleep outcomes in older adults: a systematic review. The International Journal Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2020; 17(1): 1-15.##Perez-Pozuelo I, Zhai B, Palotti J, Mall R, Aupetit M, Garcia-Gomez JM, et al. The future of sleep health: a data-driven revolution in sleep science and medicine. Nature Partner Journals Digital Medicine. 2020; 3: 1-15.##Cavaillès C, Berr C, Helmer C, Gabelle A, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y. Complaints of daytime sleepiness, insomnia, hypnotic use, and risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study in the elderly. Alzheimers Research & Therapy. 2022; 14(1):1-13.##Mortazavi SS, Foroughan M, Hosseini SA, Nasiri E, Shahbazi F. Negative factors affecting the sleep quality of the elderly in Iran: a systematic review. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2021; 22(2): 132-53. [Persian]##Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, van Hees VT, Paquet C, Sommerlad A, et al. Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia. Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1): 1-10.##Xu W, Tan C-C, Zou J-J, Cao X-P, Tan L. Sleep problems and risk of all-cause cognitive decline or dementia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2020; 91(3).##Devore EE, Grodstein F, Schernhammer ES. Sleep duration in relation to cognitive function among older adults: a systematic review of observational studies. Neuroepidemiology. 2016; 46(1): 57-78.##Lo JC, Groeger JA, Cheng GH, Dijk DJ, Chee MW. Self-reported sleep duration and cognitive performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine. 2016; 17: 87-98.##Dzierzewski JM, Dautovich N, Ravyts S. Sleep and cognition in older adults. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2018; 13(1): 93-106.##Bubu OM, Brannick M, Mortimer J, Umasabor-Bubu O, Sebastião YV, Wen Y, et al. Sleep, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and neta-analysis. Sleep. 2017; 40(1).##Muehlroth BE, Werkle-Bergner M. Understanding the interplay of sleep and aging: methodological challenges. Psychophysiology. 2020; 57(3): 1-23.##Shah TM, Weinborn M, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN. Enhancing cognitive functioning in healthy older adults: a systematic review of the clinical significance of commercially available computerized cognitive training in preventing cognitive decline. Neuropsychology Review. 2017; 27(1): 62-80.##Sánchez-Izquierdo M, Fernández-Ballesteros R. Cognition in healthy aging. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3): 1-28.##Abud T, Kounidas G, Martin KR, Werth M, Cooper K, Myint PK. Determinants of healthy ageing: a systematic review of contemporary literature. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2022; 34: 1215-23.##Wennberg AMV, Wu MN, Rosenberg PB, Spira AP. Sleep disturbance, cognitive decline, and dementia: a review. Seminars in Neurology. 2017; 37(4): 395-406.##Hosseini SR, Saadat P, Esmaili M, Bijani A. The prevalence of self-reported sleep problems and some factors affecting it among the elderly in Amirkola. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2018; 19(3): 1-7.##Mousavi SV, Montazar E, Rezaei S, Poorabolghasem Hosseini S. Sleep quality and cognitive function in the elderly population. Journal of Sleep Sciences. 2020; 5(1): 20-7.##Keramtinejad M, Azadi A, Taghinejad H, Khorshidi A. The effectiveness of cognitive training on improving cognitive function and sleep quality in community-dwelling elderly in Iran. Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2019; 12(2): 88-93.##Bijani A, Ghadimi R, Mikaniki E, Kheirkhah F, Mozaffarpur SA, Motallebnejad M, et al. Cohort profile update: the amirkola health and ageing project (AHAP). Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2017; 8(3): 205-12.##Malekian N, Hosseini SR, Moudi S, Bayani MA, Kheirkhah F, Bijani A, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive function in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 12(2): 1-8.##Ahmadi Ahangar A, Saadat P, Hosseini R, Tghipour M, Eftari M, Bijani A. Association of physical activity, depression and some demographic features with cognitive impairments in an elderly population in Amirkola, North of Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 27(153): 49-63. [Persian]##Kheirkhah F, Poorkarim K, Hosseini SR, Bijani A, Parsian H, Hamidia A, et al. The association between zinc and cognitive impairment in elderly people of Iran. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2017; 18(7): 1-6.##Das S, Roy RN, Das DK, Chakraborty A, Mondal R. Sleep quality and its various correlates: A community-based study among geriatric population in a community development block of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020; 9(3): 1510-6.##Chehri A, Nourozi M, Eskandari S, Khazaie H, Hemati N, Jalali A. Validation of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in elderly population. Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2020; 13(2): 119-24.##Thomas J, Ooms SJ, Mentink LJ, Booij J, Olde Rikkert MGM, Overeem S, et al. Effects of long-term sleep disruption on cognitive function and brain amyloid-β burden: a case-control study. Alzheimers Research & Therapy. 2020; 12(1): 1-13.##Palmer K, Mitolo M, Burgio F, Meneghello F, Venneri A. Sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment and association with cognitive functioning. A case-control study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2018; 10: 1-8.##Pistacchi M, Gioulis M, Contin F, Sanson F, Marsala SZ. Sleep disturbance and cognitive disorder: epidemiological analysis in a cohort of 263 patients. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2014; 35(12): 1955-62.##Brownlow JA, Miller KE, Gehrman PR. Insomnia and cognitive performance. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2020; 15(1): 71-6.##Wilson RS, Wang T, Yu L, Bennett DA, Boyle PA. Normative cognitive decline in old age. Annals of Neurology. 2020; 87(6): 816-29.##Lövdén M, Fratiglioni L, Glymour MM, Lindenberger U, Tucker-Drob EM. Education and cognitive functioning across the life span. Psychological Science in the Public Interest : AJournal of the American Psychological Society. 2020; 21(1): 6-41.##Park S, Choi B, Choi C, Kang JM, Lee JY. Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2019; 23(12): 1651-60.##Berggren R, Nilsson J, Lövdén M. 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Medication Use Status and Its Related Factors among Older Adults in Kerman, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Older adults are the largest group of medication users in each society. Since medications act differently in seniors compared with younger patients, great considerations are required regarding the effects and side effects of medications in the older adults. The present study aimed to determine the status of medication use and its related factors among older adults in Kerman city, Iran. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 388 seniors were selected using multistage cluster sampling from the population covered by comprehensive health centers in Kerman in 2021. Demographic information questions (age, gender, education level, marital status, life status, substance abuse, income, and health insurance status), a question regarding medication usage status and a question regarding disease that the elderly are currently suffering from, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS software by running Chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results: The average number of medications used per day was 4.59 and 53.5% of the participants used five or more medications concomitantly. Antihypertensive medications had the highest prevalence (64.3%) followed by anti-hyperlipidemic (43.6%) and Supplements (41.3%). A significant correlation was found between the participants' frequency of medication use and their gender, income, primary insomnia, and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). However, medication use had no significant association with the senior's age, marital status, education level, living status, substance abuse, and health insurance (p < 0.05). The risk of polypharmacy was 2.15 times higher in the elderly women than men (p = 0.001) and 0.45 times higher in participants with depression than non-depressed seniors (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The high prevalence of polypharmacy indicates an unfavorable status of medication use among older adults in Kerman. So, authorities are required to provide educational information about polypharmacy to aged groups. 9 15 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/31 1400/11/11 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/25 1402/4/4 Rezvan Davari Rezvan Davari Department of Aging and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran davari.r67@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Department of Aging and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran morowatisharif@yahoo.com Alireza Beigomi Alireza Beigomi SABA Healthy Aging Institute, Yazd, Iran Iran @yahoo.com Sara Jambarsang Sara Jambarsang Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Medication Use Polypharmacy Aging Kerman Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Karbalaee Z, Zarghi A, Moghaddam AG, Mohammadi M. Lifestyle of the elderly and its predictive factors. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science. 2018; 6(1): 219-25.##Aboozadeh Gotabi K, Ghanbari Moghaddam A, Mohammadi M, Zarei F. The burden of family caregivers caring for older adults and its relationship with some factors. Nursing Journal of the Vulnerable. 2016; 3(6): 27-36. [Persian]##Hanlon JT, Semla TP, Schmader KE. Alternative medications for medications in the use of high-risk medications in the elderly and potentially harmful drug-disease interactions in the elderly quality measures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2015; 63(12): e8–e18.##Dadashihaji A, Rahimi A, Hosseini SR, Moghadamnia AA, Bijani A. Inappropriate medication use and related factors in the elderly living in Northern Iran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2021; 15(4): 440-57. [Persian]##Ahmadi B, Alimohamadian M, Mahmoodi M. Polypharmacy among older adults in Tehran. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2006; 64 (9): 65-71. [Persian]##Talebi Taher M, Javad Moosavi SA, Taherian S, Barati M. Surveying the inappropriate drug administration using beers criteria in elderly patients at the internal medicine ward of Rasoul-E-Akram Hospital of Tehran in 2012. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 17 (2): 33-9. [Persian]##Lim LM, McStea M, Chung WW, Nor Azmi N, Abdul Aziz SA, Alwi S, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes associated with polypharmacy among urban community-dwelling older adults in multi-ethnic Malaysia. PloS One. 2017; 12(3): e0173466.##Mutnick AH, Souney PF, Swanson LN, Shargel, L. Comprehensive pharmacy review for NAPLEX: practice exams, cases, and test prep. United States: Lip pincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.##Bakhshi E, Delbari A, Saboor M, Akbari Kamrani AA, Yavari HR, et al. Prevalence of poly pharmacy among the elderly residents of Kahrizak charity foundation (KCF), Tehran, 2010-2011. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 20(1): 42-50. [Persian]##Vali L, Pourreza A, Foroushani A, Sari A, Hooshyar D, Pharm H. An investigation on inappropriate medication applied among elderly patients. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012; 16(6): 819-825.##Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T, Van Reekum R. Social inhibition as a mediator of neuroticism and depression in the elderly. BMC Geriatrics. 2012; 12(41): 1-7.##Torabi B, Mohammadi M, Aboozade Gatabi KH, Ghanbari Moghaddam A. Study of prescribing unsuitable drugs and polypharmacy in the elderly admitted to the Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar, 2017, Journal of Gerontology. 2018; 3(1): 48-55. [Persian]##Kim HA, Shin JY, Kim MH, Park BJ. Prevalence and predictors of polypharmacy among Korean elderly. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6): e98043.##Bushardt RL, Massey EB, Simpson TW, Ariail JC, Simpson KN. Polypharmacy: misleading, but manageable. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2008; 3(2): 383–9.##Chan DC, Hao YT, Wu SC. Characteristics of outpatient prescriptions for frail Taiwanese elders with long-term care needs. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2009; 18(4): 327–34.##Yuruyen, M, Yavuzer, H, Demirdag F, Kara Z, Cengiz, M, Yavuzer S, et al. Is depression a predictive factor for polypharmacy in elderly?. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017; 26(4): 374-81.##Atari M, Yaghoubirad M. The big five personality dimensions and mental health: The mediating role of alexithymia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 24: 59–64.##Torabi S, Shahriari L, Zahedi R, Rahmanian S, Rahmanian K. A survey the prevalence of sleep disorders and their management in the elderly in Jahrom City, 2008. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 10(4): 35-41.##Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005; 53(4): 695–9.##Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1983; 17(1): 37–49.##Niwata S, Yamada Y, Ikegami N. Prevalence of inappropriate medication using Beer’s criteria in Japanese long-term care facilities. BMC Geriatrics. 2006; 6(1): 1-7.##Zargarzadeh A, Sadeghi K, Mirmoghtadaei P. Prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications to elderly people by medical specialists in Isfahan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008; 4(4): 241-6.##Bahat G, Tufan F, Bahat Z, Aydin Y, Tufan A, Akpinar TS, et al. Assessments of functional status, comorbidities, polypharmacy, nutritional status and sarcopenia in Turkish community-dwelling male elderly. The Aging Male. 2013; 16(2); 67–72.##Delshad Noghabi A, Baloochi Beydokhti T, Shamshiri M, Shareinia H, Radmanesh R. Polypharmacy and its related factors among elderlies. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2013; 26(83): 1-9.##Nygaard H, Naik M, Ruths S, Straand J. Nursing-home residents and their drug use: a comparison between mentally intact and mentally impaired residents - The Bergen district Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003; 59: 463-9.##Viswanathan H, Bharmal M, Thomas J. Prevalence and correlates of potentially inappropriate prescribing among ambulatory older patients in the year 2001: comparison of three explicit criteria. Clinical Therapeutics. 2005; 27(1): 88–99.##Fialová D, Topinková E, Gambassi G, Finne-Soveri H, Jónsson PV, Carpenter I, et al. Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 293(11): 1348–58.##Aparasu RR, Mort JR, Brandt H. Polypharmacy trends in office visits by the elderly in the United States, 1990 and 2000. 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The Effect of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercises on Balance and Fear of Falling in Female Elderly 2 2 Introduction: The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of a course of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) exercises on balance and fear of falling in female elderly with a history of falling. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female elderly people with a history of falling based on entry and exit criteria were purposefully selected as a sample of study. Then, they were randomly assigned into two control and exercise groups. The variables related to static balance and dynamic balances were assessed by sharpened Romberg Test and Standing Up and Walking Test, respectively. Also, Falls Efficacy Scale International was used to measure the fear of falling. The exercise group performed DNS exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions, and 50 minutes per session. Data were analyzed by using paired t-test and analysis of covariance in SPSS24 software at the significant level of p < 0.05. Results: A significant difference between pretest and posttest in static balance with open eyes (p = 0.0001, t = -7.19), static balance with closed eyes (p = 0.0001, t = -8.02), dynamic balance (p = 0.0001, t = 6.49) and fear of falling (p = 0.0001, t = 7.29) in DNS exercise group. Also, there were significant differences between DNS and control groups in static balance with open eyes (p = 0.0001, F = -14.67), static balance with closed eyes (p = 0.0001, F = 14.002), dynamic balance (p = 0.0001, F = 20.12) and fear of falling (p = 0.006, F = 09.07). Conclusion: It is recommended that therapists use dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises in female elderly to improve balance and reduce the fear of falling. 16 22 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/312021/05/17 1400/2/27 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/252023/06/26 1402/4/5 Gazizeh Mohseni Gazizeh Mohseni Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Humanities, Azad University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran Iran Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran Ebrahim.mzb@gmail.com Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercise Program Balance Fear of Falling Aging Lopes KT, Costa DF, Santos LF, Castro DP, Bastone AC. Prevalence of fear of falling among a population of older adults and its correlation with mobility, dynamic balance, risk and history of falls. 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A systematic review of the effects of shoes and other ankle or foot appliances on balance in older people and people with peripheral nervous system disorders. Gait & Posture. 2007; 25(2): 316-23.##Hatton AL, Dixon J, Rome K, Martin D. Standing on textured surfaces: effects on standing balance in healthy older adults. Age and Ageing. 2011; 40(3): 363-8.##Ricci NA, Aratani MC, Doná F, Macedo C, Caovilla HH, Ganança FF. A systematic review about the effects of the vestibular rehabilitation in middle-age and older adults. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia. 2010; 14(5): 361-71.##e Silva DCM, Bastos VH, de Oliveira Sanchez M, Nunes MKG, Orsini M, Ribeiro P, et al. Effects of vestibular rehabilitation in the elderly: a systematic review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2016; 28(4): 599-606.##Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2015; 45(12): 1721-38.##Ayoubi F, Launay CP, Annweiler C, Beauchet O. Fear of falling and gait variability in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2015; 16(1): 14-9.##Kolar P, Sulc J, Kyncl M, Sanda J, Neuwirth J, Bokarius AV, et al. Stabilizing function of the diaphragm: dynamic MRI and synchronized spirometric assessment. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 109(4): 1064-71.##Frank C, Kobesova A, Kolar P. Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization & sports rehabilitation. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2013; 8(1): 62-73.##Shokri B, Azimzadeh E, Zarei M. The effect of functional training program on static and dynamic balance in elderly men. Iranian Journal Research on Biosciences and Physical Actiuity. 2016; 3(5): 59-65. [Persian]##Khaje Nemat K, Sadeghi H, Sahebzamani M. The effect of 8 weeks of strength training on static and dynamic balance in healthy men. Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2014; 6(1): 45-55. [Persian]##Yim-Chiplis PK, Talbot LA. Defining and measuring balance in adults. Biological Research for Nursing. 2000; 1(4): 321-31.##Yardley L, Beyer N, Hauer K, Kempen G, Piot-Ziegler C, Todd C. Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age and Ageing. 2005; 34(6): 614-9.##Khajavi D. Validation and reliability of Persian version of fall efficacy scale-international (FES-I) in community-dwelling older adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Aging. 2013; 8(2): 39-47. [Persian]##Seyedian M, Falah M, Nourouzian M, Nejat S, Delavar A, Ghasemzadeh H. Validity of the Farsi version of mini-mental state examination. Journal of Medical Council of Iran. 2007; 25(4): 408-14. [Persian]##Mahdieh L, Zolaktaf V, Karimi MT. Effects of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) training on functional movements. Human Movement Science. 2020; 70(1):102568.##Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott M. Aging and postural control. motor control: theory and practical applications. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 2001.##Punakallio A. Balance abilities of workers in physically demanding jobs: With special reference to firefighters of different ages. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2005; 4(8): 1-47.##Blackburn T, Guskiewicz KM, Petschauer MA, Prentice WE. Balance and joint stability: the relative contributions of proprioception and muscular strength. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2000; 9(4): 315-28.##Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I-M, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011; 43(7): 1334-59.##Amaral-Carvalho V, Caramelli P. Normative data for healthy middle-aged and elderly performance on the addenbrooke cognitive examination-revised. 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The Role of Errors based on the Complexity in Learning a Motor Sequential Task in Elderly Women 2 2 Introduction: One of the most important topics in the field of movement behavior is the acquisition of movement sequences, which is an important part of every person's life and the basis of many intelligent human behaviors. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of errorfull and errorless training based on complexity in the acquisition, retention and transfer of a motor sequential task in elderly women with emphasis on processing needs. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy elderly women over 60 years of age that were selected and randomly allocated into errorless and errorful groups. Then, they performed a sequence motor task assigned by the Serial Reaction Time Task software in the three phases of acquisition, retention, and transfer. In order to analyze the data, ANOVA with repeated measures, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test and the independent samples t-test were conducted. Results: A significant improvement was seen in the reaction time and the number of errors in both groups (p < 0.05). Also, the errorless group recorded a shorter reaction time than the errorful group in the acquisition, retention and transfer tests. However, the errorful group made fewer errors in the retention and transfer tests than the errorless group. Conclusion: Errorfull and errorless training are effective on reaction time and amount of errors in the retention and transfer stages of a motor sequential task in elderly women.  However, It is suggested that trainers use errorfull training methods in motor sequential tasks in order to reduce the error rate and provide a more optimal learning environment. 23 30 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/312021/05/172023/05/12 1402/2/22 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/252023/06/262023/06/12 1402/3/22 faeghe askarinejad faeghe askarinejad Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran hossein samadi hossein samadi Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran samadih@yazd.ac.ir farahnaz ayatizade tafti farahnaz ayatizade tafti Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran Error Complexity Motor Sequential Task Processing Load Aged Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003; 14(2): 125-30.##Lee H, Lee JA, Brar J, Rush EB, Jolley CJ. Physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2014; 35(1): 37-41.##Toutak M, Abedanzadeh R, Saemi E. The effect of brain gym exercises on sustain attention in male older adults. Aging Psychology. 2018; 4(2): 93-103. [Persian]##Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: The ageing and development report. 1st ed. Routledge; 2017. p. 3-21.##Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott M. Attentional demands and postural control: the effect of sensory context. The Journals of Gerontology. 2000; 55(1): 10-6.##Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. JAMA patient page. Dementia. JAMA. 2010; 303(15): 2330.##Anderson LA, McConnell SR. Cognitive health: an emerging public health issue. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2007; 3(2): 70-3.##Dennis NA, Cabeza R. Age-related dedifferentiation of learning systems: an fMRI study of implicit and explicit learning. Neurobiology of Aging. 2011; 32(12): 17-. 30.##Lin CHJ, Chiang MC, Wu AD, Iacoboni M, Udompholkul P, Yazdanshenas O, et al. Age-related differences in the neural substrates of motor sequence learning after interleaved and repetitive practice. Neuroimage. 2012; 62(3): 2007-20.##King BR, Fogel SM, Albouy G, Doyon J. Neural correlates of the age-related changes in motor sequence learning and motor adaptation in older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013; 7: 142.##Ashe J, Lungu OV, Basford AT, Lu X. Cortical control of motor sequences. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2006; 16(2): 213-21.##Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention. Experimental Brain Research. 2005; 161(4): 423-31.##Shea CH, Park JH, Wilde Braden H. Age-related effects in sequential motor learning. Physical Therapy. 2006; 86(4): 478-88.##Fraser SA, Li KZ, Penhune VB. A comparison of motor skill learning and retention in younger and older adults. Experimental Brain Research. 2009; 195: 419-27.##Groom MJ, Jackson GM, Calton TG, Andrews HK, Bates AT, Liddle PF, et al. Cognitive deficits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: a comparison with ADHD. Schizophrenia Research. 2008; 99(1-3): 85-95.##Bo J, Borza V, Seidler R. Age-related declines in visuospatial working memory correlate with deficits in explicit motor sequence learning. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009; 102(5): 2744-54.##Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review. 1975; 82(4): 225-60.##Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effect of practice pattern on the acquisition, consolidation, and transfer of visual-motor sequences. Experimental Brain Research. 2010; 204(2): 271-81.##Beik M, Taheri H, Saberi Kakhki A, Ghoshuni M. Algorithm-based practice schedule and task similarity enhance motor learning in older adults. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2021; 53(4): 458-70.##Lee TD, Eliasz KL, Gonzalez D, Alguire K, Ding K, Dhaliwal C. On the role of error in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2016; 48(2): 99-115.##Sanli EA, Patterson JT, Bray SR, Lee TD. Understanding self-controlled motor learning protocols through the self-determination theory. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013; 3: 1-17.##Maxwell JP, Masters RS, Kerr E, Weedon E. The implicit benefit of learning without errors. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2001; 54(4): 1049-68.##Adams JA. A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1971; 3(2): 111-50.##Masters RS, Maxwell JP. Implicit motor learning, reinvestment and movement disruption: What you don’t know won’t hurt you. In: Skill acquisition in sport: research, theory & practice. London: Routledge; 2004. P. 207-28.##Masters R, Maxwell J. The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 1(2): 160-83.##van Ginneken WF, Poolton JM, Capio CM, van der Kamp J, Choi CS, Masters RS. Conscious control is associated with freezing of mechanical degrees of freedom during motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2018; 50(4): 436-56.##Sanli EA, Lee TD. What roles do errors serve in motor skill learning? An examination of two theoretical predictions. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2014; 46(5): 329-37.##Lee TD. Contextual interference: Generalizability and limitations. In: Skill Acquisition in Sport. 1st ed. Routledge; 2012. p. 105-119.##Guadagnoli MA, Lee TD. Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2004; 36(2): 212-24.##Vieweg J, Leinen P, Verwey WB, Shea CH, Panzer S. The cognitive status of older adults: Do reduced time constraints enhance sequence learning? Journal of Motor Behavior. 2020; 52(5): 558-69.##Willms S, Abel M, Karni A, Gal C, Doyon J, King BR, et al. Motor sequence learning in patients with ideomotor apraxia: Effects of long-term training. Neuropsychologia. 2021; 159: 107921.##Niermeyer MA, Suchy Y, Ziemnik RE. Motor sequencing in older adulthood: Relationships with executive functioning and effects of complexity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2017; 31(3): 598-618.##Malekooti SK, Mirabzadeh A, Fathollahi P, Salavati M, Kahali S, Afkham Ebrahimi A, et al. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GHQ-28 in Iranian elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2006; 1(1): 11-21. [Persian].##Seyedian M, Fallah M, Nourouzian M, Nejat S, Delavar A, Ghasemzadeh H, et al. Validity of the Farsi version of mini-mental state examination. Journal of Medical Council of Iran. 2008; 25(4):408-14. [Persian].##Elwood RW. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: psychometric characteristics and clinical application. 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The Relationship Between Fear of Falling and Physical Activity among Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Physical activity (PA) improves balance, walking, and muscle strength and reduces the prevalence of falls among the elderly. Fear of falling (FOF) is the most common fear among older adults and a major health problem among them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between FOF and PA among older adults in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 687 elderly people aged ≥ 60 years in Yazd province, Iran using cluster sampling method. The data collection tools were The Falls Efficacy Scale International and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. The data were analyzed by describing frequency distribution, Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation tests and Hierarchical regression under SPSS software. Results: The mean score of FOF and PA were 27.08 ± 12.30 (range 16-64) and 86.87 ± 79.15 (range 0-494), respectively. There was an inverse significant correlation between PA and FOF(r = -0.304) and with increasing age, PA of the elderly decreases, and the FOF increases. Demographic variables (age, gender, living status, and retirement status) which were entered into the model in the first stage, predicted 10.9 % of the variance of PA (p < 0.001). In step 2, chronic diseases predicted 3.5 % which was statistically significant and in step 3, FOF also significantly predicted 2.8% of the variance of PA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The level of PA among older adults is very low, so it is very important to know the factors influencing that, to take action to prevent the occurrence of these factors, and also to eliminate them. Considering that demographic variables and FOF can predict changes in PA, therefore, it is possible to improve the PA of older adults by performing appropriate interventions on these issues. 31 38 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/312021/05/172023/05/122023/02/25 1401/12/6 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/252023/06/262023/06/122023/06/18 1402/3/28 Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Department of Aging and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hrezaeipandari@yahoo.com Najma Koochaki Najma Koochaki Department of Aging and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fatemeh Chahmatki Fatemeh Chahmatki Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Parisa Taheri Tanjani Parisa Taheri Tanjani Department of Internal Medicine, Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Maryam Shaker Maryam Shaker Health Deputy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Arefeh Dehghani Tafti Arefeh Dehghani Tafti Department of Bio-statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Physical Activity Fear of Falling Aged Rezaei M, Jaddi Arani MS, Dianati M, Atoof F. 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Prevalence of fear of falling among a population of older adults and its correlation with mobility, dynamic balance, risk and history of falls. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2009; 13(3): 223-9.##Tajvar M. Health of the elderly and a review of various aspects of their lives. Tehran: Nasl-e-Farda; 2004. 140 p. [Persian]##da Costa EM, Pepersack T, Godin I, Bantuelle M, Petit B, Levêque A. Fear of falling and associated activity restriction in older people. Results of a cross-sectional study conducted in a Belgian town. Archives of Public Health. 2012; 70(1): 1-8.##Curcio C-L, Gomez F, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Activity restriction related to fear of falling among older people in the Colombian Andes mountains: are functional or psychosocial risk factors more important?. Journal of Aging and Health. 2009; 21(3): 460-79.##Scheffer AC, Schuurmans MJ, Van Dijk N, Van Der Hooft T, De Rooij SE. Fear of falling: measurement strategy, prevalence, risk factors and consequences among older persons. Age and Ageing. 2008; 37(1): 19-24.##Wilber ST, Blanda M, Gerson LW, Allen KR. Short-term functional decline and service use in older emergency department patients with blunt injuries. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2010; 17(7): 679-86.##Stewart KJ. Physical activity and aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005; 1055(1): 193-206.##Khajavi D, Farrokhi A, Jaberi Moghadam A, Kazemnajad A. The effect of a training intervention program on fall- related motor performance in the male elderly without regular physical activity. Journal of Motor Development and Learning. 2014; 5(2): 49-66.##Kooshiar H, Najafi Z, Mazlom S, Azhari A. Comparison of the effects of exhilarating and normal physical activities on the balance and fear of falling in the elderly residing in nursing homes of Mashhad. Evidence Based Care. 2015; 5(1): 35-46.##World Health Organization. Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability, warns WHO [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 Oct 12]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2002-physical-inactivity-a-leading-cause-of-disease-and-disability-warns-who##Colpani V, Oppermann K, Spritzer PM. Association between habitual physical activity and lower cardiovascular risk in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women: a population-based study. Menopause. 2013; 20(5): 525-31.##Marques EA, Baptista F, Santos DA, Silva AM, Mota J, Sardinha LB. Risk for losing physical independence in older adults: the role of sedentary time, light, and moderate to vigorous physical activity. Maturitas. 2014; 79(1): 91-5.##Nejati V, Kordi R, Shoaee F. Evaluation of effective motivators and barriers of physical activity in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 4(4): 52-58. [Persian]##Sarani H, Aghayi N, Saffari M, Akbari Yazdi H. Factors affecting the participation of Iranian elderly people in sporting activities from the perspective of the experts: a qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2018; 6(2): 147-58. [Persian]##2Borhaninejad V, Rashedi V, Tabe R, Delbari A, Ghasemzadeh H. Relationship between fear of falling and physical activity in older adults. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 58(8): 446-52. [Persian]##Yardley L, Beyer N, Hauer K, Kempen G, Piot-Ziegler C, Todd C. Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age and Ageing. 2005; 34(6): 614-9.##Khajavi D. Validation and reliability of Persian version of Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) in community-dwelling older adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2013; 8(2): 39-47. [Persian]##Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993; 46(2): 153-62.##Hatami O, Aghabagheri M, Kahdouei S, Nasiriani K. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). BMC Geriatrics. 2021; 21(1): 1-9.##Najafi Ghezlcheh T, Ariapour S, Jafari Oori M. Epidemiology and relationship of fall and fear of falling in the elderly residing at Kamrani nursing home, Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2016; 10(4): 152-61. [Persian]##Kouchaki E, Sedaghati P, Daneshmandi H. Comparing the fear of falling and quality of life outcomes following a functional movement protocol among the experimental and control idiopathic Parkinson cases. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (FEYZ). 2016; 20(3): 252-9. [Persian]##Najafi Z, Barghi M, Kooshyar H, Karimi-Mounaghi H, Rodi MZ. A comparison of the effect of education through video versus demonstration on fear of falling in nursing home residents of Mashhad, Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2017; 22(3): 195-200.##Torkaman Gholami J, Mohamadi Shahbolaghi F, Norouzi K, Soltani PR. The relationship between fear of falling and activity limitations among seniors of Ghaem Shahr city in 2013. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 2015; 2(1): 45-52. [Persian]##Hosseini S, Zabihi A, Jafarian Amiri S, Bijani A. The relationship between chronic diseases and disability in daily activities and instrumental activities of daily living in the elderly. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 20(5): 23-9. [Persian]##Ishaghi R, Mahmoudian SA, Asgarian R, Sohrabi A. Effect of faith-based education on physical activity on the elderly. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2011; 10(5): 1281-8. [Persian]##Motefaker M, Sadrbafghi S, Rafiee M, Bahadorzadeh L, Namayandeh S, Karimi M, et al. Epidemiology of physical activity: a population based study in Yazd city. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2007; 65(4): 77-81. [Persian]##Dias-da-Costa JS, Hallal PC, Wells JCK, Daltoé T, Fuchs SC, Menezes AMB, et al. Epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity: a population-based study in southern Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2005; 21: 275-82.##Burton NW, Turrell G. Occupation, hours worked, and leisure-time physical activity. Preventive Medicine. 2000; 31(6): 673-81.##Scholes S, Neave A. Health Survey for England 2016: Physical activity in adults. Leeds: Health and Social Care Information Centre. 2017.##Watson KB, Carlson SA, Gunn JP, Galuska DA, O’Connor A, Greenlund KJ, et al. Physical inactivity among adults aged 50 years and older—United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2016; 65(36): 954-8.##Hornyak V, Brach J, Wert D, Hile E, Studenski S, VanSwearingen J. What is the relation between fear of falling and physical activity in older adults?. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2013; 94(12): 2529-34.##Sawa R, Asai T, Doi T, Misu S, Murata S, Ono R. The association between physical activity, including physical activity intensity, and fear of falling differs by fear severity in older adults living in the community. The Journals of Gerontology. 2020; 75(5): 953-60.##Guthrie DM, Fletcher PC, Berg K, Williams E, Boumans N, Hirdes JP. The role of medications in predicting activity restriction due to a fear of falling. Journal of Aging and Health. 2012; 24(2): 269-86.##Biernat E, Tomaszewski P. Socio-demographic and leisure activity determinants of physical activity of working Warsaw residents aged 60 to 69 years. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2011; 30: 173-81.##Hughes JP, McDowell MA, Brody DJ. Leisure-time physical activity among US adults 60 or more years of age: results from NHANES 1999–2004. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2008; 5(3): 347-58.##Rowinski R, Dabrowski A, Kostka T. Gardening as the dominant leisure time physical activity (LTPA) of older adults from a post-communist country. 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Online Misinformation against Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brief Overview 2 2 Lack of knowledge about COVID-19 and increased use of social networks contributed to the spread of misinformation about the disease in society, harming older adults’ health. In this review, we define misinformation and its condition during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide an overview of the characteristics of older adults and the impact of misinformation on this demographic group.   39 43 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/312021/05/172023/05/122023/02/252023/02/26 1401/12/7 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/252023/06/262023/06/122023/06/182023/06/24 1402/4/3 Hossein Matlabi Hossein Matlabi Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hamid Allahverdipour Hamid Allahverdipour Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Amir Ahmadi Amir Ahmadi Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran amirahmadi2066@gmail.com Aged Covid-19 Misinformation Pandemics Gottlieb M, Dyer S. Information and disinformation: social media in the COVID-19 crisis. 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Impact of Exercise on Fall and Its Consequences among Elderly People 2 2 Falls are a threat to the health of older adults and can reduce their ability to remain independent. Furthermore, fall is known as one of the geriatric syndromes and is more common in older people and about 20 to 40 percent of older people have reported a history of falling per year. It should be noted that fall or fear of falling causes immobility in the elderly and immobility is linked with various non-communicable diseases, geriatric syndromes development, and mortality in the long term. As a result, finding a cost-effective, safe, and proper approach to prevent, control, and even treat of falls is absolutely crucial. Regarding the exercise benefits in all ages especially in the elderly, we supposed that various types of exercise such as aerobic, balance, and resistance training with different intensities have variant advantages in these subjects. Therefore, in this review study, we investigated the charter of different types of exercise in preventing and controlling fall based on recent evidence, providing involved mechanisms, as well as the effects of exercises on fall-related risk factors. 44 54 2023/03/62023/03/182022/01/312021/05/172023/05/122023/02/252023/02/262022/08/22 1401/5/31 2023/06/112023/06/242023/06/252023/06/262023/06/122023/06/182023/06/242023/06/25 1402/4/4 Mehdi Kushkestani Mehdi Kushkestani Wellness and Lifestyle Science Initiative Group, School of Art and Science, Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States United States Mohsen Parvani Mohsen Parvani Department of Physical Activity and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Portugal mparva2020@gmail.com Raheleh Baradaran Raheleh Baradaran Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Iran baradaranr941@mums.ac.ir Alireza Rezaei Alireza Rezaei Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences University of Tehran, Alborz Campus, Tehran, Iran Iran Hamed Pourhamzeh Hamed Pourhamzeh Department of sport pathology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran Aerobic Exercise Exercise Therapy Sarcopenia Elderly Health Alqahtani BA, Alshehri MM, Hoover JC, Alenazi AM. 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