Factors Associated with Postmenopausal Women’s Decisions to Seek Treatment for Urinary Incontinence 2 2 Urinary incontinence (UI) is highly prevalent crossculturally and also a costly chronic condition (1), with high prevalence among postmenopausal women (2). International Continence Society defined UI as any complaint about involuntary urine leakage (3). UI significantly affects patients (4); avoiding its treatment might have physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences (5), and finally decreased quality of life (6). The negative effects of UI on the quality of life can be seen more among postmenopausal women (7, 8). Despite the availability of numerous treatments which their effectiveness are well investigated worldwide, nearly half of community dwelling women living with UI do not seek professional treatment (9, 10). This essay aimed to review the present knowledge on how women with UI experience seek professional help which is important to enhance its understanding by health care providers and enable women to ask for help as well. 42 45 2015/07/23 1394/5/1 2015/10/2 1394/7/10 Minoo Pakgohar Minoo Pakgohar Department of Geriatric Nursing and Reproductive health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Postmenopausal Urinary Incontinence Seek Treatment Botlero R, Davis SR, Urquhart DM, Shortreed S, Bell RJ. Age-specific prevalence of, and factors associated with, different types of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling Australian women assessed with a validated questionnaire. Maturitas. 2009; 62(2): 134-9.##Hsieh CH, Su TH, Change ST, Lin SH, Lee MC, Lee MY. Prevalence of and attitude toward urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008; 100(2): 171-4.##Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardization sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2002; 21(2): 167-78.## Ragins AI, Shan J, Thom DH, Subak LL, Brown JS, Van Den Eeden SK. Effects of urinary incontinence, comorbidity and race on quality of life outcomes in women. Journal of Urology. 2008; 179(2): 651-5.##Kang Y, Crogan NL. Social and cultural construction of urinary incontinence among Korean American Elderly Women. Geriatric Nursing 2008; 29(2): 105-11.##Stenzelius K. Urinary and fecal incontinence among older women and men in relation to other health complaints, quality of life and dependency: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden. 2005. Available from: http://www. skane.se/Public/SUS_extern/Verksamheter/Geriatrska%20kliniken/Dokument/Kunskapsbank/Kontinens/stenzeliusdphd.pdf. Accessed at 12 Dec 2012.## Lasserre A, Pelat C, Guéroult V, Hanslik T, Chartier-Kastler E, Blanchon T, et al. Urinary incontinence in French women: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on quality of life. European Urology. 2009; 56(1): 177-83.## Khazali S, Hillard T. The postmenopausal bladder. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine. 2009; 19(6): 147-51.## Bradway C. Women's narratives of long-term urinary incontinence. Urologic Nursing. 2005; 25(5): 337-44.## Bradway C, Strumpf N. Seeking care: women's narratives concerning long-term urinary incontinence. Urologic Nursing. 2008; 28(2): 123-9.##Harris SS, Link CL, Tennstedt SL, Kusek JW, McKinlay JB. Care seeking and treatment for urinary incontinence in a diverse population. The Journal of Urology. 2007; 177(2): 680-4.## Yu HJ, Wong WY, Chen J, Chie WC. Quality of life impact and treatment seeking of Chinese women with urinary incontinence. Quality of Life Research. 2003; 12(3): 327-33.##Lionis C, Vlachonikolis I, Bathianaki M, Daskalopoulos G, Anifantaki S, Cranidis A. Urinary incontinence, the hidden health problem of Cretan women: report from a primary care survey in Greece. Women & Health. 2000; 31(4): 59-66.## Sykes D, Castro R, Pons ME, Hampel C, Hunskaar S, Papanicolaou S, et al. Characteristics of female outpatients with urinary incontinence participating in a 6-month observational study in 14 European countries. Maturitas. 2005; 30 (52): 13–23.##Hägglund D, Walker-Engström ML, Larsson G, Leppert J. Reasons why women with long-term urinary incontinence do not seek professional help: a cross-sectional population-based cohort study. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2003; 14(5): 296-304.##Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Hunskaar S. Helpseeking and associated factors in female urinary incontinence The Norwegian EPINCONT Study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2002; 20(2): 102-7## O'Donnell M, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S, Hunskaar S. Help-seeking behavior and associated factors among women with urinary incontinence in France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. European Urology. 2005; 47(3): 385-92.## Kinchen KS, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Fultz NH, Bump R, Obenchain R. Factors associated with women's decisions to seek treatment for urinary incontinence. Journal of Women's Health. 2003; 12(7): 687-98.## Shaw C. A review of the psychosocial predictors of help-seeking behavior and impact on quality of life in people with urinary incontinence. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2001; 10(1): 15-24.## ##

Prevalence of Eye Disorders in Elderly Population of Tehran, Iran 2 2 Introduction: The decline of visual function with increasing age is a significant concern in elderly. Despite previous work on prevalence of specific ophthalmic pathologies, there has not been enough valid data about overall eye disorders in Tehran yet, and it is poorly defined and not underpinned by strong evidence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the common eye disorders in the elderly population of Tehran. Methods: A total of 392 elderly community residents aged 60 to 96 were enrolled. The 278 older adults referred to Tehran’s Polyclinic of 6th Region of municipality and 114 older adults referred to the health centers of 9th Region of municipality between 2013 and 2014 were examined. All participants underwent an extensive ophthalmologic screening examination including cataract, diabetic retinopathy of optic nerve, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. The prevalence of various eye disorders was calculated as percentages of the total study population and categorized by age and sex. Results: Of the 392 participants, 152 subjects (38.8%) had no eye disease. Common visual impairments in elderly were cataract (39.3%), macular degeneration (11.5%), diabetic retinopathy of optic nerve (5.6%) and glaucoma (4.8%). It has also showed cataract prevalence increased with age from (6.3%) in the 60-64 age group to (47.6%) for the patients 85years of age and older. Conclusion: Cataract is the most frequent eye disease in community dwelling older adults that should be considered at a younger age by health officials to provide preventive programs. Improving accessibility to surgery for the treatment of cataract among the old people will help diminish of untreated cataract that lead to visual impairment. 46 51 2015/07/232015/09/9 1394/6/18 2015/10/22015/10/22 1394/7/30 Afsun Nodehi- Moghadam Afsun Nodehi- Moghadam Department of physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Maryam Goudarzian Maryam Goudarzian Iranian Research Center of Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Iran Farhad Azadi Farhad Azadi Department of physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Arezoo Nasiri Arezoo Nasiri MPH in sport medicine Iran Seide Masume Hosseini Seide Masume Hosseini BSc Optomtery Iran Soosan Geranmayeh Soosan Geranmayeh Department of Optometry, school of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran Yassin Larne Yassin Larne Department of physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Maryam Habibi Maryam Habibi Department of physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Poorya Yaghmaei Poorya Yaghmaei Department of physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Prevalence Elderly Eye disorders Vision screening Noroozian M. The elderly population in Iran: an ever growing concern in the health system. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 6(2): 1-6.## Phoenix C, Griffin M, Smith B. Physical activity among older people with sight loss: a qualitative research study to inform policy and practice. Public Health. 2015; 129(2): 124-30.##Gleeson M, Sherrington C, Keay L. Exercise and physical training improve physical function in older adults with visual impairments but their effect on falls is unclear: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2014; 60(3): 130-5.## Van der Aa HP, Comijs HC, Penninx BW, van Rens GH, van Nispen RM. Major depressive and anxiety disorders in visually impaired older adults. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2015; 56(2): 849-54.## Giloyan A, Harutyunyan T, Petrosyan V. Visual impairment and depression among socially vulnerable older adults in Armenia. Aging and Mental Health. 2015; 19(2): 175-81.## Newton M, Sanderson A. The effect of visual impairment on patients' falls risk. Nursing Older People. 2013; 25(8): 16-21.## Barrett MM, Doheny EP, Setti A, Maguinness C, Foran TG, Kenny RA. Reduced vision selectively impairs spatial updating in fall-prone older adults. Multisensory Research. 2013; 26(1-2): 69-94.## Reed-Jones RJ, Solis GR, Lawson KA, Loya AM, Cude-Islas D, Berger CS. Vision and falls: a multidisciplinary review of the contributions of visual impairment to falls among older adults. Maturitas. 2013; 75(1): 22-8.## Voleti VB, Hubschman J. Age-related eye disease. Maturitas. 2013; 75(1): 29-33## Owsley C. Aging and vision. Vision Research. 2011; 51(13): 1610-22.##Congdon N, O'Colmain B, Klaver CC, Klein R, Muñoz B, Friedman DS, et al. Eye diseases prevalence research group. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004; 122(4): 477-85.## Vashist P, Talwar B, Gogoi M, Maraini G, Camparini M, Ravindran RD, et al. Prevalence of cataract in an older population in India: the India study of age-related eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118(2): 272-8.##Wong TY, Loon SC, Saw SM. The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2006; 90(4): 506-11.##Congdon N, Vingerling JR, Klein BE, West S, Friedman DS, Kempen J, et al. Eye diseases prevalence research group. Prevalence of cataract and pseudophakia /aphakia among adults in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004; 122(4): 487-94.## Husain R, Tong L, Fong A, Cheng JF, How A, Chua WH, et al. Prevalence of cataract in rural Indonesia. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112(7): 1255- 62.## Chiang PP, Zheng Y, Wong TY, Lamoureux EL. Vision impairment and major causes of vision loss impacts on vision-specific functioning independent of socioeconomic factors. Ophthalmology. 2013; 120(2): 415-22.##Haronian E, Wheeler NC, Lee DA. Prevalence of eye disorders among the elderly in Los Angeles. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 1993; 17(1): 25-36.## Carcenac G, Hérard ME, Kergoat MJ, Lajeunesse Y, Champoux N, Barsauskas A, et al. Assessment of visual function in institutionalized elderly patients. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2009; 10(1): 45-9.## Muñoz B, West SK, Rubin GS, Schein OD, Quigley HA, Bressler SB, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000; 118(6): 819-25.##Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M, Appleyard M, Jensen GB, Nielsen NV. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults: the Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111(1): 53-61.## Park SJ, Lee JH, Woo SJ, Ahn J, Shin JP, Song SJ, Kang SW, et al. Epidemiologic survey committee of the Korean ophthalmologic society. Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence and risk factors from Korean national health and nutrition examination survey, 2008 through 2011. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121(9): 1756-65.##Cheung CM, Li X, Cheng CY, Zheng Y, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, et al. Prevalence, racial variations, and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Singaporean Chinese, Indians, and Malays. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121(8): 1598- 603.## Gemmy Cheung CM, Li X, Cheng CY, Zheng Y, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in Indians: a comparative study in Singapore and India. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; 155(4): 764-73.##Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Global Health. 2014; 2(2): 106-16.## Fisher DE, Jonasson F, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson S, Klein R, Launer LJ, et al. Age-related macular degeneration and mortality in communitydwelling elders: the age, gene/environment susceptibility Reykjavik study. Ophthalmology. 2015; 122(2): 382-90.##Rudnicka AR, Jarrar Z, Wormald R, Cook DG, Fletcher A, Owen CG. Age and gender variations in age-related macular degeneration prevalence in populations of European ancestry: a metaanalysis. Ophthalmology. 2012; 119(3): 571-80.##Kini MM, Leibowitz HM, Colton T, Nickerson RJ, Ganley J, Dawber TR. Prevalence of senile cataract, diabetic retinopathy, senile macular degeneration, and open-angle glaucoma in the Framingham eye study. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1978; 85(1): 28-34.## Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5): 1047-53.## Abougalambou SS, Abougalambou AS. Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetes patients at teaching hospital in Malaysia. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 2015; 9(2): 98-103.## Rajalakshmi R, Amutha A, Ranjani H, Ali MK, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with young onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2014; 28(3): 291-7.##Yang JY, Kim NK, Lee YJ, Noh JH, Kim DJ, Ko KS, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in a Korean adult population: the 2008-2009 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2013; 102(3): 218-24.## Cho HK, Kee C. Population-based glaucoma prevalence studies in Asians. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2014; 59(4): 434-47.##Song W, Shan L, Cheng F, Fan P, Zhang L, Qu W, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in a rural northern china adult population: a populationbased survey in Kailua county, inner Mongolia. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118(10): 1982-8.## Wang YX, Xu L, Yang H, Jonas JB. Prevalence of glaucoma in North China: the Beijing Eye Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 150(6): 917-24.## Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121(11): 2081-90. ## ##

Healthy Lifestyle Status among Non- Institutionalized Older People: A Literature Review 2 2 Introduction: Advances in medical and health sciences have led to increase in the number of older people. The most common non- communicable diseases can be prevented by following a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to investigate the lifestyle of elderly people by reviewing the literatures and background of the previous researches in order to obtain a holistic view about lifestyle. Methods: A fast literature review was conducted applying retrospective approach to identify the status of lifestyle among older people. For this purpose, the related references with keywords involving 'lifestyle', 'elderly people', 'aging', and 'multiple chronic conditions' were electronically searched in databases ‘All Academic’, ‘ISI web of knowledge’, ‘PsycNET’, ‘Social Sciences Citation Index’, and ‘PubMed’ from 2002 to 2015. Results: 26 related articles were finalised and reviewed according to the study aims. The results showed that those people with an inappropriate lifestyle were more likely to die because of health difficulty reasons. Improving healthy lifestyle including dietary habits, weight control, physical activity, smoking cessation, managing stressful life events, and social capital were closely related with reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion: It seems that the awareness about the relationship between healthy lifestyle and incidence of multiple chronic conditions among older people may be effective in understanding of the potential health consequences of their performance, and also in modifying lifestyle. 52 61 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/12 1394/6/21 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/27 1394/8/5 Mahin Alineghad Mahin Alineghad Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hossein Matlabi Hossein Matlabi Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Akbar Azizi Zeinalhajlou Akbar Azizi Zeinalhajlou Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Healthy Lifestyle Older people Non- Institutionalized Golmakani E, Usefi MR, Tabatabaeichehr M, Ghanei zare F, Moayyed L, Hasan zadeh E, et al. Fall in elderly: A literature review. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 5(5): 1159-63. [Persian]## Fotoukian Z, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Fallahi Khoshknab M. Analytical on empowerment interventions in older people with chronic disease: A review literature. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2013; 2(4): 65-76. [Persian]##Nanbakhsh F, Mohaddesi H, Amirabi A, Hajshafiha M, Broomand F, Bahadori F. The effect of health education on elderly weomen life quality. Payavard. 2011; 5(1): 47-57. [Persian]##Statistical Centre of Iran: National Population and Housing Census. 2011. Available from: www.amar.org.ir/ Portals/1/Iran/90.pdf. Accessed at 26 March 2015## Mirzayi M, Shams Ghahfarakhi M. Demographics of elderly in Iran based on censuses 1956-2006. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2007; 2(3): 326-31. [Persian]## Azizi F. Changes of lifestyle for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002; 4(2): 81-4. [Persian]## Eshaghi R, Farajzadegan Z, Babak A. Healthy lifestyle assessment questionnaire in elderly: translation, reliability and validity. Payesh. 2010; 9(1): 91-9. [Persian]## Samadi S, Bayat A, Taheri M, Joneid B, Rooz – Bahani N. Knowledge, attitude and practice of elderly towards lifestyle during aging. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 11(1): 83-4. [Persian]## Mohseni M. Medical sociology. Tehran: Tahoory publications; 2006. [Persian]##Habibi Sola A, Nikpor S, Rezayi M, Haghani H. Relationship between health promoting behaviors with the activities of daily living and activities of daily living with tools in elderly of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2007; 5(2): 332-39. [Persian]## Sargazi M, Salehi SH, Naji A. Healthy promoting behaviors of elderly admitted to hospital in Zahedan. Journal of Rostamineh. 2012; 4(2): 73-83. [Persian]## Heidari M, Shahbazi S. Survey of effect an educational program based on self-care of quality of life in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2012; 25(75): 1-8. [Persian]## Hekmatpou D, Shamsi M, Zamani M. The effect of healthy lifestyle education programs on promotion of physical activity in elderly of Arak. Bimonthly Official Publication Medical Daneshvar. 2012; 19(98): 33-42. [Persian]## Habibi A, Neekpoor S, Seyedolshohada M, Haghani H. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among elderly people: A cross sectional survey 2006. Journal of Ardebil Medical Sciences. 2008; 8(1): 29-36. [Persian]##Taghdici M, Doshmangir P, Dehdari T, Doshmangir L. Influencing factors on healthy lifestyle from viewpoint of elderly people: qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2013; 7(4): 47-58. [Persian]## Nasirzadeh M, Gholami L, Jalilian F, Aligol M, Hafezi Bakhtiari M, Mahboubi M, et al. Status of lifestyle in Iranian elderly population. Journal of Science and Toady's World. 2014; 3(2): 114-16.##Babak A, Davari S, Aghdak P, Pirhaji O. Assessment of elderly lifestyle in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011; 29(149): 1064-73. [Persian]## Heshmati H, Asnashari R, Khajavi S, Charkazi A, Babak A , Hosseini S, et al. Life style of elderly in Kashmar, Iran 2012. Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. 2014; 11(1): 39- 50. [Persian]## Najimi A, Moazemigoudarzi A. Healthy lifestyle of the elderly in Isfahan. Journal of Health System. 2012; 8(4): 581-87. [Persian]## Mahmudi GH, Niazazari K, Sanati T. Evaluation of life style in the elderly. Journal of Family Health. 2012; 1(3): 45-50. [Persian]##Shamsadini Lori A, PourMohammadi K, Keshtkaran V, Ahmadi Kashkoli S, PourAhmadi MR. A Survey on the level of the elderly lifestyle in Shiraz. Journal of Health Based Research. 2015; 1(1): 75-84. [Persian]## Ramezankhani A, Mohammadi G, Akrami F, Zeinali M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of the elder residents of Tehran city about healthy lifestyle. Journal of Health in the Field. 2013; 1(1): 1-5. [Persian]## Taheri M, Mohammadi M, Paknia B, Mohammadbeigi A. Elderly awareness on healthy lifestyle during aging. Tropical Medicin and Surgery. 2013; 1: 139.##Johari S, Mosalla nezhad Z, Falsafian R. Evaluation of the relationship between lifestyle and health among the elderly visiting Tehran‟s parks. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2014; 4(3): 10-14.## Rashedi S, Bahrami M. Factors related to the health promoting life style among geriatric patients. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 13(2): 90-8. [Persian]##Taira K, Tanaka H, Arakawa M, Nagahama N, Uza M, Shirakawa S. Sleep health and lifestyle of elderly people in Ogimi, a village of longevity. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002; 56(3): 243–44.##Singh JP, Singh PN, Kariwal P, Singh AK, Kasturwar NKB, Srivastava A. Geriatric life style profile in an urban slum, central India. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences. 2013; 1(4): 344-47.## Srivastava MR, Srivastava JP, Bhardwaj P, Sachan B, Cupta P, Choudhary S. A study on lifestyle and morbidity profile of geriatric population in luck now. International Journal of current Research. 2014; 6(5): 6614-18.## Sanjeeva Rao Nallapu S, Sai TSR. Estimation of lifestyle diseases in elderly from a rural community of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014; 8(4): 1-4.## Noosorn N, Saengngern S. Health promoting behaviors among older people living alone with chronic disease in the lower northern region of Thailand. European Scientific Journal. 2013; 9(6): 214-26.##Poynter JN, Inoue-Choi M, Ross JA, Jacobs DR Jr, Robien K. Reproductive, lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for cancer in elderly women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: a Publication of the American. 2013; 22(4): 681–7.##Knoops KTB, Groot CPG, Kromhout D, Horng MS. Healthy lifestyle and Mediterranean an diet decreases mortality in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2004; 292: 688-9.## Polychronopoulos E, Panagiotakos DB, Polystipioti A. Diet, lifestyle factors and hypercholesterolemia in elderly men and women from Cyprus. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2005; 4: 17.## Clark F, Jackson J, Carlson M, Chou CP, Cherry BJ, Jordan–Marsh M, et al. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in promoting the well-being of independently living older people. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2012; 66:1082.## Puig M, Ávila NR, Canut MTL, Farras JF. Lifestyle of the elderly receiving home care Spain. Journal of Gerontology and Geriatric Research. 2013; 121(2): 2-4.## Eglite A, Vintila M, Grinfelde A, Kantike I. Healthy lifestyle in the elderly s view in Romania and Latvia. Economic Science for Rural Development. 2009; 19: 97-102.##Davies N. Promoting healthy ageing: The importance of lifestyle. Nursing Standard. 2011; 25 (19): 43-9.## Banegas JR, Guallar-Castillon P, RodriguezArtalejo F, Graciani A, Lopez-Garcia E, Ruilope LM. Association between awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, and quality of life among older adults in Spain. American Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 19(7): 686-93.##Spencer CA, Jamrozik K, Lawrence-Brown M, Norman PE. Lifestyle still predicts mortality in older men with established vascular disease. Preventive Medicine. 2005; 41(2): 583-8.##Fernández Fernández C, Caballer Garcia J, Saiz Martinez PA, García-Portilla González MP, Martínez Barrondo S, Bobes García J. Depression in the elderly living in rural area and other related factors. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría. 2006; 34(6): 355-61.##Jiuan Tan S, Kuan Tambyah S, Keng Kau A. The influence of value orientations and demographics on quality-of-life perceptions: evidence from a national survey of Singaporeans. Social Indicators Research. 2006; 78: 33-59.## Chalise HN, Kai I, Saito T. Social support and it's correlation with loneliness: a cross-cultural study of Nepalese older adults. International Journal of Aging & Human Development. 2010; 71(2): 115-38.## ##

Leisure Activities and Mental Health among Aging People in Tehran, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Leisure activities are common among the elderly, however the effect of such activities on their mental health is poorly defined and not underpinned by strong evidence. This study aims to determine the prevalence of leisure activities and its relation to mental health in the elderly. Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted and 400 community dwelling older adults 60 years and more with appropriate cognitive function (Abbreviated Mental Test score 7 and more), were recruited through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in Tehran, Iran. Data was gathered by demographic questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The primary outcomes to measure were the prevalence of leisure activities, and GHQ score in subgroups. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA, independent t-test and multiple linear regressions. Results: Of participants 62% were in their 7th decade (60-74 years), 56% (224) were female with mean age of 66.98 ± 8.22 , and 44% (176) male with mean age of 66.98 ± 8.22. GHQ scores showed 65% of participants had good mental health (0-23) and 35% had mental health problems (24 and more). Mean of GHQ score in participants (n = 377) was 21.8 ± 11.37 (0-28). watching television (77%), reading books ( 40.3%), walking (31.5%) and taking trip (36%) were more interesting leisure activities among older adults .Women, single, unemployed, alone and illiterate older adults had statistically significant(p ≤ 0.05) upper GHQ scores. Participating in active leisure activities such as taking trip and cultural classes, participating in non-government organization activities, going to parks and gym and walking had significant relationships with good mental health (p ≤0.05). Conclusion: Encouraging older adults to participation in active leisure activities would be an effective intervention in mental health improvement. On the other hand understanding of relationship between type of leisure activities and mental health, provides evidence for policy makers and health care planners to offer and facilitate a context in which older adults can improve participation in active leisure activitie. 62 67 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/122015/08/23 1394/6/1 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/272015/11/14 1394/8/23 Akram Ghanbari Akram Ghanbari Department of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences , Sabzevar , Iran Iran Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi Department of Nursing , University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mojtaba Mohammadi Mojtaba Mohammadi Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Ali Vahidi Ali Vahidi MSc of intensive care nursing Iran Elderly Leisure activities Mental Health Iran Shankar A, McMunn A, Steptoe A. Health related behaviors in older adults relationship with socioeconomic status. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2010; 38(1): 39-46.## WHO. Health. Available from: http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story046/en/. Accessed at 18 Jun 2015.## Nahvinejhad H. Comparison of the general health of residents of boarding houses and home care welfare recipients in Tehran; 2010. [MPH Thesis aging trend]. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences .2012. [Persian]## Fotoukian Z, Shahboulaghi FM, Khoshknab MF, Mohammadi E. Concept analysis of empowerment in old people with chronic disease using a Hybrid Model. Asian Nursing Research. 2014; 8(2): 118- 27.## Chang P, Wray L, Lin Y. Social relationships, leisure activity, and health in older adults. Health Psychology. 2014, 33(6): 516–23.## Leung GT, Leung KF, Lam LC. Classification of late-life leisure activities among elderly Chinese in Hong Kong. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2011; 21(3):123-7.## Pond MP, Santana VS. Participation in leisure activities: Is it a protective factor for women’s mental health? Journal of Leisure Research. 2000; 32(4): 457-47.## Yin LH. The perceived leisure constraints of retired elderly people. Physical education and recreation management (Honors). [Bachelor Thesis]. Hong Kong Babtist University, 2008. Available from: http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/trsimage/hp/ 05017629 .pdf. Accessed at 24 March 2010.## Zarei A, Ghorbani SH. Leisure time needs in aging people in Gazvin. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2007; 2(1): 190-5. [Persian]## Asefzadeh S, Qoddoosian A, Najafipour R. How does the elderly spend their leisure time in Qazvin? Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 13(2): 84-7. [Persian]## Maddah SB. Social activity and leisure in the elderly of Iran and Sweden. Iranian Journal of aging. 2009; 3(2): 597-606. [Persian]## Taghavi SMR. Assessment of Validity and reliability of the General Health Questionnaire. Journal of Psychology. 2003; 20: 381 398. 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Effectiveness of Positive Psychology Group Interventions on Meaning of Life and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Biological changes impact the psychological and interpersonal function in late life. Therefore, the general health and well-being diminish with decreasing the ages. These changes lead to decreasing life satisfaction and meaning of life in elderly individuals. The aim of study is to examine the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions (PPIs) on meaning of life and life satisfaction among older adults. Methods: This study is quasi-experimental with pre and post-tests. Thirty elderly residents were selected from Tohid nursing home in Tehran in 2015. The participants were assigned randomly to the control (15 subjects with mean’s age 74.66 ± 6.62) and experimental groups (15 subjects with mean’s age 76.73 ± 9.45). PPIs were conducted during 10 sessions (each 90 minutes per week). Then the questionnaire was administered at post-test. Statistical analysis was conducted using Paired Samples t-test and analysis of Covariance. The research instruments were the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Mini Mental State Examination, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale . Results: There was a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of meaning of life (t = 3.85) and life satisfaction (t = 4.10) in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Also, there was significant difference between means of meaning of life (F = 19.88) and life satisfaction (F = 18.72) by eliminating the pretest effect (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The finding emphasized that PPIs is a kind of psychotherapy that addresses strengths, resources, values and hopes instead of deficits and weaknesses. Hence, it could be considered in therapeutic intervention to enhance the component of well-being as life satisfaction and meaning of life. 68 74 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/122015/08/232015/09/18 1394/6/27 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/272015/11/142015/11/16 1394/8/25 Fatemeh Kashaniyan Fatemeh Kashaniyan Counseling Department, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran Anahita khodabakhshi koolaee Anahita khodabakhshi koolaee Department of Counseling and Psychology, Institute of Higher Education of Khatam, Tehran, Iran Iran Psychology positive intervention Life satisfaction Meaning of life Older adults Moschny A, Platen P, Klaaßen-Mielke R, Trampisch U, Hinrichs T. Barriers to physical activity in older adults in Germany: a crosssectional study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical. 2011; 8(1): 121-31.## Moosavi S, Kafi SM, Haghiri M, Ofoghi N, Atashkar SR, Abolghasemi S. Comparison of efficiency of cognitive therapy and logo therapy on the depression rate of aged men. International Journal of Psychology and Counseling. 2012; 4(11): 143-49.## Sanderson WC, Scherbov S. Premeasuring aging. Science (Washington) 2010; 329 (5997): 1287-88.## Bowling A, Iliffe S. Psychological approach to successful ageing predicts future quality of life in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2011; 9(13): 1-10.## Momeni K, Karimi H. Comparison of mental health between elderly admitted in sanitarium with elderly in sited in personal home. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 14(4): 23-9. [Persian]## Chippendale T, Boltz M. Living legends: effectiveness of a program to enhance sense of purpose and meaning in life among communitydwelling older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2015; 69(4): 1-11.##Nordbakke S, Schwanen T. Well-being and mobility: a theoretical framework and literature review focusing on older people. Mobilities. 2014; 9(1): 104-29.##Pan JY, Wong DFK, Chan CLW, Joubert L. Meaning of life as a protective factor of positive affect in acculturation: A resilience framework and a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2008; 32(6): 505-14.## Brassai L, Piko BF, Steger MF. Meaning in life: is it a protective factor for adolescents‘ psychological health? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2011; 18(1): 44-51.## Recker GT, Wong PTP. Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. emergent theories of aging. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1988.## McDonald MJ, Wong PT, Gingras DT. Meaningin-life measures and development of a brief version of the personal meaning profile. In: Wong PT. The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2012.##Steger MF, Kawabata Y, Shimai S, Otake K. The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality. 2008; 42(3): 660-78.## Steger MF, Kashdan TB. The unbearable lightness of meaning: Well-being and unstable meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2013; 8(2): 103-15.## Baessler J, Oerter R. Aspects of meaning of life in different subculture in Peru. Psychological Reports. 2003; 92: 1119–30.## King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Del Gaiso AK. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006; 90(1): 179.## Triplett KN, Tedeschi RG, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Reeve CL. Posttraumatic growth, meaning in life, and life satisfaction in response to trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2012; 4(4): 400.## Ang RP, Jiaqing O. Association between caregiving, meaning in life, and life satisfaction beyond 50 in an Asian sample: Age as moderator. Social Indicators Research. 2012; 108(3): 525-34.## Przepiorka A. The relationship between attitude toward time and the presence of meaning in life. International Journal of Applied Psychology. 2012; 2(3): 22-30.## Steger MF, Kashdan TB. The unbearable lightness of meaning: Well-being and unstable meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2013; 8(2): 103-15.## Keyes CL. Happiness, flourishing, and life satisfaction. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society. 2014; 747–51.## Diener E, Diener M. Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In: Culture and well-being. Netherlands: Springer; 2009.## Xu J, Roberts RE. The power of positive emotions: It‘s a matter of life or death Subjective well-being and longevity over 28 years in a general population. Health Psychology. 2010; 29(1): 9-19.##Gwozdz W, Sousa-Poza A. Ageing, health and life satisfaction of the oldest old: An analysis for Germany. Social Indicators Research. 2010; 97(3): 397-417.##Biswas-Diener R, Diener E. The subjective wellbeing of the homeless, and lessons for happiness. Social Indicators Research. 2006; 76(2): 185-205.## Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009; 65(5): 467-87.##Layous K, Chancellor J, Lyubomirsky S. Positive activities as protective factors against mental health conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2014; 123(1): 3-12.## McNulty JK, Fincham FD. Beyond positive psychology? Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being. American Psychologist. 2012; 67(2): 101-10.## Chancellor J, Layous K, Lyubomirsky S. Recalling positive events at work makes employees feel happier, move more, and chat less: A 6-week randomize controlled intervention at a Japanese workplace. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2014; 16(4): 871-87.## Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2006; 53(1): 80-93.## Khodabakhshi koolaee A, Falsafinejad MR, and Mostafaei F. Comparing hope and meaning of life with depression between epileptic patients and non-epileptics person. Middle East Journal of Psychiatry & Alzheimer. 2014; 5(2): 13-17.##Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. 'Minimental state': a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975; 12(3): 189-98.## Foroghan M, Jafari Z, Bayan peymane Sh, Ghaem Farahani Z, Rahgozar M. Standardization of brief cognitive status examination of elderly in Tehran in 2008. Cognitive Sciences Updates. 2008; 10(2): 29-37. [Persian]## Diener E, Emmons R A, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1985; 49(1): 71-5.## Tagharrobi Z, Sharifi KH, Soloki Z, Tagharrobi L. Psychometric evaluation of the satisfaction with life scale (SWELS) in the students of Kashan nursing & midwifery faculty, Kashan, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2012; 6(1): 89-98. [Persian]## Dezutter J, Luyckx K, Wachholtz A. Meaning in life in chronic pain patients over time: associations with pain experience and psychological well-being. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2015; 38(2): 384-96.## Seyedi Asl ST, Sadeghi Kh, Bakhtiari M, Khazaie H, Rezaei M, Ahmadi SM. The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on improving the depression and increasing the happiness of the infertile women: Clinical trial. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2014; 4(3): 269-75.##Layous K, Chancellor J, Lyubomirsky S, Wang L, Doraiswamy PM. Delivering happiness: Translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depressive disorders. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2011; 17(8): 675-83.## Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(2): 217– 37.##Nelson SK, Fuller JA, Choi I, Lyubomirsky S. Beyond self-protection self-affirmation benefits hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. ##Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2014; 40(8): 998- 1011.## MacKenzie MJ, Baumeister RF. Meaning in life: Nature, needs, and myths. In Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology. New York: Springer;##2014.##Steger FS, Mann JR, Michels P, Cooper TC. Meaning in life, anxiety, depression, and general health among smoking cessation patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2009; 67(4): 353–58.## King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, Del Gaiso AK. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006; 90(1): 179.## Park CL. Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin. 2010; 136(2): 257.## Baker FA, Ballantyne J. ―You've got to accentuate the positive‖: Group songwriting to promote a life of enjoyment, engagement and meaning in aging Australians. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2013; 22(1): 7-24.##Layous K, Nelson SK, Oberle E, Schonert-Reichl KA, Lyubomirsky S. Kindness counts: Prompting prosaically behavior in preadolescents boosts peeracceptance and well-being. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12): e51380.## Senf K, Liau AK. The effects of positive interventions on happiness and depressive symptoms, with an examination of personality as a moderator. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2013; 14(2): 591-612.## Funk BA, Huebner ES, Valois RF. Reliability and validity of a brief life satisfaction scale with a high school sample. Journal of Happiness Studies .2006; 7(1): 41–54.## Suldo SM, Savage JA, Mercer SH. Increasing middle school students‘ life satisfaction: Efficacy Positive Psychology Group Interventions Journal of Happiness Studies. 2014; 15(1): 19-42. ## ##

Aging in Place within Elderly People in the Southwest Iran 2 2 Introduction: Iran and its aged society are facing some issues that significantly impact the current social structures in Iran. It will continue to do so on their growing as elderly with negative impacts on communal relations and unjust distribution of resources based on a gender basis that will affect the aging in place (AiP). The study aims to investigate the AiP within aged people and modifying role of the gender variables within it. Methods: This study describes the current AiP of the aged people in Ahwaz city in the southwest Iran from a gender perspective. The population available for the study was citizens 60 years of age and older (N=51594) in Ahwaz city. Sampling method was cluster-ratio based on municipal zones, ethnicity, and gender with sample size 382 (195 male and 187 female). The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, F-test and geographical information system. Results: Economically poor situation of the aged samples especially aged women, and their health status was moderated by low quality of nutrition and high prevalence of chronic conditions. For example, Arabs, Persian and Lor received low mean scores of 59.41, (SD = 7.332), 58.09 (SD = 11.963), and 57.02, (SD = 7.963) respectively in the health status. AiP characteristics are poor and discrimination was especially significantly prominent among elderly females. Multiple regression were found to modify AiP at the first step. The Generalized Linear Model revealed that gender-ethnic discrimination directly affected AiP and high prevalent amongst elderly minority females. Conclusion: The current urban environment, in the southwest Iran, seems is unable to meet healthy needs of aged people. It needs to adjust upon gender and other relevant characteristics to monitor equality of outcomes for aged and minorities. The future research needs to focus on effect of ethnicity and gender-related issues on AiP, especially in developing countries like Iran. 75 83 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/122015/08/232015/09/182015/09/21 1394/6/30 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/272015/11/142015/11/162015/11/22 1394/9/1 Laleh Fani Saberi Laleh Fani Saberi Department of Health, Faculty of Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Abdolrahim Asadollahi Abdolrahim Asadollahi Department of Health and Social Work, University of Applied Sciences and Technology, Tehran, Iran Iran Alihosein Hoseinzadeh Alihosein Hoseinzadeh Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economic, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran Iran Nobaya Ahmad Nobaya Ahmad Inst. of Gerontology, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Iran Ahwaz City Elderly Aging in Place Geographical Information System Gender Issues Partners for livable communities aging in pace: Technical assistance guide. 2007. Available from: http://www.livable.org /services/technicalassistance. Accessed at 18 March 2014.##Senior resource for aging in place. Aging in place. Available from: http://www.seniorresource.com/ageinpl.htm. Accessed at 17 Dec 2014.## Asadollahi A, Ahmad N, Valizadeh S, Baratvand M. Social quality for aged people in Iran: towards developing theoretical scale. Canadian Social Science. 2011: 7(6): 162-76.## Navvah A, Qeisari Q, Taqavi-Nasab M. Ethnical pathology of Iran. Iran Cultural Research. 2012; 3(3): 47-69. [Persian]##Iranian Statistics & Census Centre. Iranian Family and Economic; an Annual Report. (Rep. No. 90/REP.43). Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre; 2012.##Iranian Statistics & Census Centre. Iranian Family and Economic; an Annual Report. Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre; 2011.## Iranian Statistics & Census Centre. Iranian Population and Economic; Annual Report. Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre; 2007.##Iranian Statistics & Census Centre. National Census Report. Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre; 2007.## Khuzistan Statistics & Census Centre. Local Census of Khuzistan Province on 2007. Ahwaz, Iran: Khuzistan Statistic & Census Centre; 2007.##Fanisaberi L, Hoseinzadeh A. An analysis of inequality of public sphere and health status of aging communities in Khuzistan province, Iran. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2013; 17(1): 378.## Asadollahi A. Social participation and general health of aged citizens in Khuzistan province (Iran): Literature, factors, and obstacles. World Applied Science Journal. 2011; 13(6): 1512-22## Ebadi J, Salehi M. The impact of female and male human capital inequality on life expectancy at birth. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education. 2011; 16(2): 81- 98. [Persian]## Padgett DK. Aging minority women; Gender, culture, and ethnicity: Current research about women and men. McGraw-Hill humanities, Social Sciences and World Language; 1999.## Jatrana S, Blakely T. Ethnic inequalities in mortality among the elderly in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2008; 32(5): 437-43.## Adams KB, Leibbrandt S, Moon H. A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life. Aging and Society. 2011; 31(4): 683-712.## Ebadi J, Salehi M. The impact of female and male human capital inequality on life expectancy at birth. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education. 2011; 16(2): 81- 98. [Persian]## Calasanti T. Ageism, gravity, and gender: experiences of aging bodies. Generations: Academic Journal Article. 2005; 29(3): 8-12.## Calasanti T. Feminist gerontology and old men. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2004; 59(6): 305-14.## Calasanti T. New direction in feminist gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies. 2004; 18(1): 1-8.## Padgett DK. Aging minority women; gender, culture, and ethnicity: Current research about women and men. Mountain View.CA: Mayfield; 1999.## Afshari Z, Sheibani A. Gender inequality and economic development in Iran. Journal of Economic Research. 2004; 62(82): 151-74. [Persian]## Kaplan EA. Feminism, aging and changing, paradigms. Surfaces. 2007;7(110). Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Available from: http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/ pdf/vol7 / kaplan.pdf. Accessed at 22 Dec 2014.## Hezarjaribi J, Morovati N. Ethnical inequality and national security. Political and International Scientific and Research Quarterly. 2010; 2(4): 91-117. [Persian]## Faramarzi R, Hoseinzadeh A, Navvah A. Socioeconomic situation of elderly at nursing home in Ahwaz county/Iran. [MA thesis in Sociology], Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz; 2008. [Persian]## Zangi-Abadi A, Musavi M. Spatial analysis of gender inequality in Middle East region. Geographical Journal of Environment. 2010; 2(7): 39-55. [Persian]##Partowi B, Amini S, Goudarzi A. Gender inequality of economic growth in Iran. Journal of Economic Modeling. 2009; 3(9): 51-76. [Persian]##Moosavi M. Social participation as component of social capital. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2007; 6(23): 67-92. [Persian]##Kelty MF, Hoffman RR, Ory MG, Harden JT. Behavioral and sociocultural aspects of aging, ethnicity, and health. In Eisler RM & Hersen M. Handbook of Gender, Culture, and Health. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum 1999: 139-58.##Betts Adams K, Leibrandt S, Moon H. A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and well-being in later life. Ageing and Society. 2011: 683-712.## World Health Organization. Mainstreaming gender equity in health; the need to move forward, Madrid statement. Geneva: WHO Press; 2006. Available from: http://www.msssi.gob.es/ciudadanos/proteccionS alud/mujeres/docs/DeclaracionMadridIngles.pdf. Accessd at 21 March 2014.##Elwér S, Alex L, Hammarström A. Gender (in) equality among employees in elder care: implications for health. 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Relationship of Physical Activity Facilitators and Body Mass Index in Kashan Elderly 2 2 Introduction: There are many factors that affect the level of physical activity and body mass index of the elderly. The current study aimed to assess the relationship of physical activity facilitators and body mass index of Kashan elderly. Methods: The cross-sectional study sampled 400 elderly older than 60 referred to 10 healthcare centers in Kashan, 2014, via multistage quota method. Participations were tested under demographic characters, body mass index(BMI) level, and exercise benefits part of exercise benefits and barrier scale (persian version) for measurig physical activity facilitators. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, descriptive statistic, Spearman correlation test, Chi-Square and Ordinal regression. Results: Of the participations73.6% were overweight or obese. Median and interquartile range of physical activity facilitators was 75 and 33 respectively. The most prominent physical activity facilitators was" physical activity increases my physical ability, (83.2%). There was a significantly inverse relationship between physical activity facilitators score and BMI of participants (r = -0.233, p = 0.001). Ordinal regression evealed that mostly predictor of BMI among physical activity facilitators was "physical activity improves the quality of my work " (OR = 8.683, o = 0.001). Conclusion: Results identified physical activity facilitators directly is related to improve physical circumstances of the elderly people. Surly poviding physical activity facilitators through educational and interventional programs may improve the health status of aging population. 84 90 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/122015/08/232015/09/182015/09/212015/08/16 1394/5/25 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/272015/11/142015/11/162015/11/222015/11/25 1394/9/4 Zahra Khalili Zahra Khalili Department of Clinical Affairs Ardabil, Faculty of Medical Sciences Khalkhal, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Iran Ali Sadrollahi Ali Sadrollahi Department of Clinical Affairs, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran Maryam Khatir Ahmadi Maryam Khatir Ahmadi Department of Clinical Affairs, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Najima Mossadegh Najima Mossadegh MSc Mathematical and Statistical consult Iran Masoumeh Hosseinian Masoumeh Hosseinian Department Of Medical Surgical Nursing, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Iran Negin Masoudi Alavi Negin Masoudi Alavi Department Of Medical Surgical Nursing, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Iran Body mass index Aging Physical activity facilitators Brindel P, Hanon O, Dartigues J-F, Ritchie K, Lacombe J-M, Ducimetière P, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the elderly: the Three City study. Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 24(1): 51-8.##Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obesity Research. 2005; 13(11): 1849-63.##Al‐Kandari Y. Prevalence of obesity in Kuwait and its relation to sociocultural variables. Obesity Reviews. 2006; 7(2): 147-54.## Dahl AK, Fauth EB, Ernsth‐Bravell M, Hassing LB, Ram N, Gerstof D. Body mass index, change in body mass index, and survival in old and very old persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013; 61(4): 512-8.## Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999- 2004. Jama. 2006; 295(13): 1549-55.## Li K-K, Cheng S-T, Fung HH. Effects of message framing on self-report and accelerometer-assessed physical activity across age and gender groups. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2014; 36(1): 40-51.## Tookuni KS, Bolliger Neto R, Pereira CAM, Souza DRd, Greve JMDA, Ayala ADA. Análise comparativa do controle postural de indivíduos com e sem lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho. Acta ortop bras. 2005; 13(3): 115-9.## Kerr J, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Cain K, Conway TL, Frank LD, et al. Outdoor physical activity and selfrated health in older adults living in two regions of the US. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2012; 9(4): 89.## Logan SL, Gottlieb BH, Maitland SB, Meegan D, Spriet LL. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire; does it predict physical health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(9): 3967-86.##Morris KS, McAuley E, Motl RW. Self-efficacy and environmental correlates of physical activity among older women and women with multiple sclerosis. Health Education Research. 2008; 23(4): 744-52.##Rimmer JH, Wang E, Smith D. Barriers associated with exercise and community access for individuals with stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2008; 45(2): 315-22.## Siddiqi Z, Tiro JA, Shuval K. Understanding impediments and enablers to physical activity among African American adults: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Health Education Research. 2011; 26(6): 1010-24.##Salehi L, Taghdisi M, Ghasemi H, Shokervash B. To identify the facilitator and barrier factors of physical activity among elderly people in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 6(2): 7-15.[Persian]## Bjornsdottir G, Arnadottir SA, Halldorsdottir S. Facilitators of and barriers to physical activity in retirement communities: Experiences of older women in urban areas. Physical Therapy. 2012; 92(4): 551-62.## Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W. Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2002; 34(12): 1996-2001.## Perissinotto E, Pisent C, Sergi G, Grigoletto F. Anthropometric measurements in the elderly: age and gender differences. British Journal of Nutrition. 2002; 87(2): 177-86.##Aghamolaei T, Tavafian S, Hasani L. Exercise self-efficacy, exercise perceived benefits and barriers among students in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2009; 4(3, 4): 9-15. [Persian]##Sechrist KR, Walker SN, Pender NJ. Development and psychometric evaluation of the exercise benefits/barriers scale. Research in Nursing & Health. 1987; 10(6): 357-65.##Lakoski SG, Barlow CE, Farrell SW, Berry JD, Morrow JR, Haskell WL. Impact of body mass index, physical activity, and other clinical factors on cardiorespiratory fitness (from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2011; 108(1): 34-9.##Koochek A, Johansson S, Kocturk T, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Physical activity and body mass index in elderly Iranians in Sweden: a populationbased study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 62(11): 1326-32.## Withrow D, Alter D. The economic burden of obesity worldwide: a systematic review of the direct costs of obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 12(2): 131-41.##Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007; 39(8): 1435-45.## Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. 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Relationship between Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Older Adults Yazd City, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Recent medical and health care improvement caused a remarkable increase in humans' life expand and subsequent increase in aging population. Beside life expectancy, quality of life is at the same importance, so the study aimed to explore the relation between quality of life and lifestyle among older adults in Yazd. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 270 elderly people over 60 years old. A cluster random sampling was used to recruit the participant from 10 selected clusters in the Yazd city with at least 27 participants from each cluster. 12 item Short Form Health Survey and Iranian Elderly Lifestyle Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analyzed with descriptive frequency distribution and also χ2, and Pearson correlation coefficient tests using SPSS software. Results: The mean score of quality of life was 69.06 ± 20.97 (range 0-100) and the mean score of lifestyle was 161.91 ± 13.95 (range 42-211). Quality of life and lifestyle had statistically significant relation with age, sex, education level, marriage status, retirement status, having job, income source, digestive problems, depression, joint pain, osteoporosis, hypertension, fall and sleep disorder. There was also a direct association between lifestyle and quality of life. Conclusion: Results indicated that most of the participants are at a desirable level of lifestyle and quality of life. However quality of life is in relation with some demographic factors and chronic conditions that must be addressed in interventional programs aimed at increasing the quality of life among aging population. 91 97 2015/07/232015/09/92015/09/122015/08/232015/09/182015/09/212015/08/162015/09/27 1394/7/5 2015/10/22015/10/222015/10/272015/11/142015/11/162015/11/222015/11/252015/11/29 1394/9/8 Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Department of Aging Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Shima Niknahad Shima Niknahad Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fatemeh Rahmanipour Fatemeh Rahmanipour Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Quality of life Lifestyle Aging Yazd Khooshemehri G, Kaviani M, Asmari M, Rajabian H, Naserkhaki V. 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