The Effect of Baduanjin Qigong on Impact of Disease and Sleep Quality in Elderly Fibromyalgia Patients 2 2 Introduction: Fibromyalgia is marked by widespread chronic pain, fatigue, and disrupted sleep, significantly impacting quality of life. This study aimed to explore the effect of Baduanjin Qigong (BQ) on impact of the disease and quality of sleep in elderly patients with fibromyalgia. Methods: The study employed a semi-experimental design. A total of thirty-four elderly female patients with fibromyalgia were recruited through convenience sampling and allocated into two intervention groups: BQ group (n = 17) and a walking group (n = 17). The BQ protocol was conducted for 12 weeks, with sessions held three times a week. The walking group participated in a 12 week fitness walking program. Impact of the disease and quality of sleep were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks using The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: The significant improvements were observed in PSQI total (t (16) = 3.65, p = 0.002), FIQR (t (16) = 3.76, p = 0.002), FIQR function (t (16) = 2.16, p = 0.04), FIQR symptoms (t (16) = 2.957, p = 0.009) in BQ group. There was a significant difference between the average post-test data of the walking group and BQ group in daytime dysfunction, with the BQ group performing better than the walking group (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: BQ significantly improves fibromyalgia impact and sleep quality in elderly patients and reduces daytime dysfunction more effectively than walking. However, it is not superior to walking in other aspects of disease impact and sleep quality enhancement. 76 82 2024/07/20 1403/4/30 2024/11/24 1403/9/4 Heiresh Saeed Ali Heiresh Saeed Ali Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Events Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran Razieh Khanmohammadi Razieh Khanmohammadi Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Events Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran r.khanmohammadi@urmia.ac.ir Elahe Arabameri Elahe Arabameri Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Iran Ina Shaw Ina Shaw School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom 3. School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom Brandon Shaw Brandon Shaw School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom 3. School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom Baduanjin Qigong Fibromyalgia Mind-Body Therapies Aged Sleep Quality McDonald M, daCosta DiBonaventura M, Ullman S. Musculoskeletal pain in the workforce: the effects of back, arthritis, and fibromyalgia pain on quality of life and work productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2011; 53(7): 765-70.##Lindell L, Bergman S, Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT, Herrström P. Prevalence of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2000; 18(3): 149-53.##Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care & Research. 2010; 62(5): 600-10.##Astin JA, Berman BM, Bausell B, Lee W-L, Hochberg M, Forys KL. The efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus Qigong movement therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003; 30(10): 2257-62.##Lautenschläger J. Present state of medication therapy in fibromyalgia syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 29(113): 32-6.##Li Yt, Jiang Q, Jia Y, Zhang Yf, Xiao Yy, Wang H, et al. A Chinese version of the revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: a validation study. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2023; 26(2): 242-9.##Sawynok J, Lynch ME. Qigong and fibromyalgia circa 2017. Medicines. 2017; 4(2): 1-9.##Wahbeh H, Elsas SM, Oken BS. Mind–body interventions: applications in neurology. Neurology. 2008; 70(24): 2321-8.##Barrós-Loscertales A, Hernández SE, Xiao Y, González-Mora JL, Rubia K. Resting state functional connectivity associated with Sahaja yoga meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021; 15: 1-11.##Jahnke R, Larkey L, Rogers C, Etnier J, Lin F. A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and Tai Chi. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2010; 24(6): 1-37.##Guo C, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang S, Tai X. Effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine exercise therapy on stroke recovery. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023; 2023(1): 1-16.##Martínez N, Martorell C, Espinosa L, Marasigan V, Domènech S, Inzitari M. Impact of Qigong on quality of life, pain and depressive symptoms in older adults admitted to an intermediate care rehabilitation unit: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2015; 27(2):125-30.##Liu Z, Hu H, Wen X, Liu X, Xu X, Wang Z, et al. Baduanjin improves neck pain and functional movement in middle-aged and elderly people: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Medicine. 2023; 9: 1-11.##Wang F, Zhang X, Tong X, Zhang M, Xing F, Yang K, et al. The effects on pain, physical function, and quality of life of quadriceps strengthening exercises combined with Baduanjin qigong in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021; 22(1): 1-11.##Jiao J, Russell IJ, Wang W, Wang J, Zhao YY, Jiang Q. Ba-Duan-Jin alleviates pain and fibromyalgia-related symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia: results of a randomised controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2019; 37(6): 953-62.##Haak T, Scott B. The effect of Qigong on fibromyalgia (FMS): a controlled randomized study. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2008; 30(8): 625-33.##Saeed Ali H, Khanmohammadi R, Arabameri E, Shaw I, Shaw B. The effect of baduanjin qigong on lower limb strength and balance in elderly patients with Fibromyalgia. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2024; 12 (2): 42-55.##Arroyo-Fernández R, Avendaño-Coy J, Velasco-Velasco R, Palomo-Carrión R, Bravo-Esteban E, Ferri-Morales A. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercising in people with fibromyalgia: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022; 103(8): 1524-32.##Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975; 12(3): 189-98.##Smyth C. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Journal of Gerontological Nursing; 1999; 25(12): 10-11.##Ahmadi S, Khankeh H, Mohammadi F, Khoshknab F, Reza Soltani P. The effect of sleep restriction treatment on quality of sleep in the elders. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 5(2): 7-15. [Persian]##Vaidya B, Nakarmi S, Bhochhibhoya M, Joshi R. Translation, validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) in Nepali language. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2020; 23(7): 939-44.##Ghavidel Parsa B, Amir Maafi A, Haghdoost A, Arabi Y, Khojamli M, Chatrnour G, et al. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire. Rheumatology International. 2014; 34(2): 175-80.##Yuen M, Ouyang H, Miller T, Pang MY. Baduanjin qigong improves balance, leg strength, and mobility in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2021; 35(5): 444-56.##Lan C, Chou SW, Chen SY, Lai JS, Wong MK. The aerobic capacity and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in Qigong and Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2004; 32(1): 141-50.##Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep. 2004; 27(7): 1255-73.##Choy ES. The patient with diffuse pain. In: Imboden JB, Hellmann DB, Stone JH, editors. Current rheumatology diagnosis and treatment. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2004.##Jian-Zhou Z, Jing-Zhen L, Qing-Nian H. Statistical brain topographic mapping analysis for EEGs recorded during Qi Gong state. The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1988; 38(3-4): 415-25.##Farthing GW. The psychology of consciousness. Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1992.## ##

Effects of Self-Care Education on Self-Neglect Among Older Adults 2 2 Introduction: Self-neglect, a form of abuse, significantly impacts the physical, mental, and social health of older adults, leading to a diminished quality of life and, in severe cases, death. For older adults experiencing self-neglect, attention to self-care is crucial for preventing or managing health issues. This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care education on self-neglect among older adults. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2021 with 100 eligible individuals selected from older adults receiving services at comprehensive health service centers in Qazvin, Iran. Participants were chosen using a non-randomized method and were divided into two groups: the self-care education group and the control group. The intervention comprised six outdoor sessions lasting 45-60 minutes each, held twice weekly at a health center. These sessions addressed five dimensions of self-care for older adults, which were validated by experts. Participants in the control group received only routine care. Post-tests were administered six weeks later. Results: Before the intervention, the mean self-neglect scores were 1.345 ± 0.89 in the control group and 1.453 ± 0.43 in the self-care education group (p = 0.034). After the intervention, mean scores improved significantly to -0.760 ± 0.43 in the self-care education group and -7.056 ± 2.31 in the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Self-care education addressing various dimensions—physical, psychological-emotional, social, and spiritual—can serve as an effective, accessible, and cost-effective strategy for preventing and reducing self-neglect among older adults in care centers and hospitals. Future studies should consider larger populations and diverse cultural contexts to develop comprehensive clinical guidelines for preventing self-neglect. 83 89 2024/07/202024/08/10 1403/5/20 2024/11/242024/12/11 1403/9/21 Fereshteh Davoodi Fereshteh Davoodi Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Shahzad Pashaeypoor Shahzad Pashaeypoor Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mehrnoosh Partovirad Mehrnoosh Partovirad Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Farshad Sharifi Farshad Sharifi Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Nasrin Nikpeyma Nasrin Nikpeyma Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran nikpeyma@yahoo.com Self-Neglect Elder Abuse Self Care Health Education Aged Arab-Zozani M, Mostafazadeh N, Arab Zozani Z, Ghoddoosi-Nejad D, Hassanipour S, Soares JJ. The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. 2018; 30(5):408–23.##Hanefeld J, Fischer HT. Global health: Definition, principles, and drivers. Handbook of Global Health. 2021: 3–27.##Boyer S, Trimouillas J, Cardinaud N, Gayot C, Laubarie-Mouret C, Dumoitier N, et al. Frailty and functional dependence in older population: lessons from the freedom limousin–nouvelle Aquitaine cohort study. BMC Geriatrics. 2022; 22(1): 1-10.##Yu M, Qian M, Guo C, Wang Q. The role of frailty, social networks, and depression in self-neglect in an older Chinese population: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Geriatric Nursing. 2023; 51: 394–9.##Molaei M, Etemad K, Taheri Tanjani P. Prevalence of elder abuse in Iran: A systematic review and meta analysis. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017; 12(2) :242-53. [Persian]##Salvador JT, Alqahtani FM. The phenomenon of aging: The adaptation of Filipino elderly. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2020; 44(4): 309–26.##Addo KM, Khan H. Factors affecting healthy aging and its interconnected pathways. Turkish Journal of Healthy Aging Medicine. 2024; 1: 9–24.##Wang B, Hua Y, Dong X. Development and validation of a predictive index of elder self-neglect risk among a Chinese population. Aging & Mental Health. 2021; 25(8): 1572–9.##Yu M, Gu L, Shi Y, Wang W. A systematic review of self-neglect and its risk factors among community-dwelling older adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2021; 25(12): 2179–90.##Dong X. Elder self-neglect: research and practice. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2017; 12: 949–54.##Dong X, Simon MA, Evans D. Prospective study of the elder self-neglect and ED use in a community population. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011; 30(4): 553–61.##Ghalenow HR, Nikpeyma N, Kazemnejad A, Ansari M, Pashaeypoor S. Effect of educational program based on health literacy index on self-care ability among older adults: A randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022; 13(24): 1-7.##İlhan B, Bahat G, Saka F, Kılıç C, Oren MM, Karan MA. A new screening tool for self-neglect in community-dwelling older adults: IMSelf-neglect questionnaire. The Aging Male. 2020; 23(5): 388-95.##Joosten M, Vrantsidis F, Dow B. Understanding elder abuse: A scoping study [Internet]. Melbourne: University of Melbourne and the National Ageing Research Institute; 2017 [cited 2024 Aug 12]. Available from: https://socialequity.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/2777924/Elder-Abuse-A-Scoping-Study.pdf##Johnson YO. Nurse perceptions of elder self-neglect. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; 2014.##Martínez N, Connelly CD, Pérez A, Calero P. Self-care: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2021; 8(4): 418–25.##Morowatisharifabad MA, Rezaeipandari H, Dehghani A, Zeinali A. Domestic elder abuse in Yazd, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Health Promotion Perspectives. 2016; 6(2): 104-110.##Nikpeyma N, Negarandeh R, Partovirad M. Comparison of the effects of mobile learning and traditional self-care education on loneliness and social isolation in community-dwelling older adults: Study protocol of a three-arm randomized controlled trial. Elderly Health Journal. 2024; 10(1): 43–51.##Nassiri H, Heravi Karimooi M, Jouybari L, Sanagoo A, Chehrehgosha M. The prevalence of elder abuse in Gorgan and Aq-Qala cities, Iran in 2013. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016; 10(4): 162–73. [Persian]##Salimi F, Garmaroudi G, Hosseini SM, Batebi A. Effect of self-care educational program on improving quality of life among elderly referred to health centers in Zanjan. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2015; 2(2): 28–37. [Persian]##Mohseni M, Rashedi V, Iranpour A, Naghibzadeh Tahami A, Borhaninejad V. Prevalence of elder abuse and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults in Iran. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. 2019; 31(4–5): 363–72.##Ling WHH, Lee WPV, Chui WH, Sin KMC. Older adults and volunteering: Mental wellness, motivation, and satisfaction. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2023; 47(4): 482–500.##Bian J, Xiang Z. Do the various leisure forms have equal effects on mental health? A longitudinal analysis of self-selected leisure activities. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023; 11:1-11.##Lim WM, Bowman C. Aging in a place of choice. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2022; 46(3): 183–9.##Kim KT, Hawkins BA, Lee YH, Kim H. Social support and daily life activity: determinants of aging well. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2023; 47(2):171–94.##Ricci L, Buzzi M, Kivits J, Rat AC. Patient satisfaction and perspectives on self-management education programs: A qualitative study. Patient Preference and Adherence. 2023; 17: 2175–86.##Pickens S, Daniel M, Jones EC, Jefferson F. Development of a conceptual framework for severe self-neglect (SN) by modifying the CREST model for self-neglect. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021; 8: 1-15.##Vaezi A, Lotfi MH, Shaker M. The effect of implementation of elderly respect training program in families on elder abuse in Yazd. Journal of Community Health Research. 2018; 7(2): 74–84.##İlhan B, Bahat G, Saka F, Kılıç C, Oren MM, Karan MA. A new screening tool for self-neglect in community-dwelling older adults: IMSelf-neglect questionnaire. The Aging Male. 2021; 23(5): 388–95.##Vizeshfar F, Ghelbash Z. Effect of a self-care training program using smartphones on general health, nutrition status, and sleep quality in the elderly. Psychogeriatrics: Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society. 2021; 21(6): 910–9.##Chen YW, Wei J, Chen HL, Cheng CH, Hou IC. Developing a heart transplantation self-management support mobile health app in Taiwan: qualitative study. JMIR MHealth and UHealth. 2020; 8(8): 1-13.##World Health Organization. Self-care can be an effective part of national health systems [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/02-04-2019-self-care-can-be-an-effective-part-of-national-health-systems##Yu M, Gu L, Jiao W, Xia H, Wang W. Predictors of self-neglect among community-dwelling older adults living alone in China. Geriatric Nursing. 2019; 40(5): 457–62.##Zhao Y, Hu C, Feng F, Gong F, Lu S, Qian Z, et al. Associations of self-neglect with quality of life in older people in rural China: a cross-sectional study. International Psychogeriatrics. 2017; 29(6): 1015–26.## ##

The Effect of Music on the Happiness of Turkman Elderly in Day Care Centers 2 2 Introduction: Happiness is essential for all age groups, particularly the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the impact of music on the happiness levels of elderly Turkman individuals residing in Day Care Centers in Bandar Turkman and Gomishan cities, Golestan province, Iran, in 2023. Methods: A quasi-experimental, before-and-after design was employed, involving 74 elderly participants from two day care centers in Golestan province. Of the total elderly population in day care centers in Bandar Turkman and Gomishan cities (95 people), 37 people from Bandar Turkman (intervention group) and 37 people from Gomishan (control group) were selected and entered into the study based on the inclusion criteria using convenience sampling. Group matching was conducted based on gender. Happiness was assessed using the Oxford Happiness Inventory at the beginning and end of the intervention for both groups. The intervention consisted of 12 group music therapy sessions, each lasting 45-50 minutes, three times a week, involving the playing of happy Turkman music. Data analysis were performed using SPSS version 26, including Chi-square, Pearson correlation, and independent t-tests. Results: The mean happiness score post-intervention was significantly higher in the intervention group (70.51 ± 8.17) compared to the control group (28.43 ± 6.93) (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant increase in mean happiness scores was observed within the intervention group before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). The impact of music intervention on happiness varied based on factors such as marital status (p < 0.05), employment status (p < 0.05), education level (p < 0.05), and gender (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Given the positive influence of music on the happiness of elderly individuals, music therapy can be a valuable tool to enhance their mental health. To promote active and joyful aging, it is recommended that elderly care center administrators incorporate authorized and local music into their programs. 90 96 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/13 1403/7/22 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/11 1403/9/21 Zahra Sabzi Zahra Sabzi Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran Razieh Saffar Razieh Saffar School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran Fatemeh Mehravar Fatemeh Mehravar Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran Hamideh Mancheri Hamideh Mancheri Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran hamideh.mancheri@yahoo.com Music Happiness Aged Day Care Center Mirzaie M, Darabi S. Population aging in Iran and rising health care costs. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017; 12(2): 156-69. [Persian]##Latifi Z, Kiani M, Yousefi Z. The structural equation modeling of the older people’s life expectancy based on the anxiety sensitivity, social support, and pain Perception. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(2): 188-99. [Persian]##Tayeri S, Jafari M, Alimohammadzadeh K, Hosseini SM, Shahanaghi K. A conceptual model for Iranian older women’s health: A review study. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2021; 16(3): 304-29. [Persian]##Dindar Farkosh J, Kazemipour Sabet S, Ansari H. Foresight of the aging trend of the Iranian population in different regions and population groups until 1420. Journal of Future studies Management. 2022; 128(33): 103-22. [Persian]##Changizi F, Panahali A. Effectiveness of group narrative therapy on life expectancy and happiness of the elderly in Tabriz. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2016; 9(34): 63-76. [Persian]##Parvaneh E, Azizi K, Karimi P. The effectiveness of hope-therapy on the enhancement of happiness in elderly. Aging Psychology. 2015; 1(1): 41-7. [Persian]##Zarepour Moghadami A, Norouzadeh R. The relationship between elderly happiness and self-efficacy in the elderly with chronic disease residing in a nursing home, Tabriz, 2020. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2022; 15(10): 674-83. [Persian]##Oraki M, Mehdizadeh A, Dortaj A. The effectiveness of self-care empowerment training on life expectancy, happiness and quality of life of the elderly in Iranian elderly care centers in Dubai. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(3): 320-31. [Persian]##Entezari M, Zakizadeh M, Yazdani J, Taraghi Z. The effect of group singing on the happiness of older people. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences. 2019; 6(2): 78-83.##Mottaghi M, Hazratian S. Comparison of the effects of music and rose water aAromatherapy on the happiness level among the elderly living in nursing homes in Kermanshah in 2018. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care. 2022; 30(4): 288-96. [Persian]##Allison TA, Nápoles AM, Johnson JK, Stewart AL, Rodriguez-Salazar M, Peringer J, et al. Multi-cultural perspectives on group singing among diverse older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2020; 41(6): 1006-12.##Schäfer T. The positive effects of online group singing on psycho-physiological variables during the COVID-19 pandemic—A pilot randomized controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 2023; 15(4): 1254-70.##Monroe P, Halaki M, Luscombe G, Kumfor F, Ballard KJ. Phase I trial of the music to connect (MuSiCON) protocol: feasibility and effect of choir participation for individuals with cognitive impairment. Brain Impairment. 2023; 24(3): 732-49.##Van Harling JH, Wibowo ME, Ganap V. Music as a means of therapy for elders. The Journal of Educational Development. 2017; 5(2): 136-44.##Gallego MG, García JG. Music therapy and Alzheimer's disease: Cognitive, psychological, and behavioural effects. Neurología. 2017; 32(5): 300-8.##Shukuroglou M, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt D, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R. Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2023; 37(1): 70-9.##Mirzaee K, Jahanpour F, Gashmard R, Akaberian S. Comparison of the effect of music therapy and swaddling on pain intensity caused by blood sampling in premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized trial. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2023; 25(5): 454-65.##Nguyen KT, Vu NT, Tran MT, Chan CW. A qualitative study on stress, coping strategies and feasibility of music intervention among women with cancer receiving chemotherapy during COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1): 542.-9##Kousha S, varasteh A. The effectiveness of music therapy on depression, quality of life and happiness of women with depression. Rooyesh. 2018; 6 (4): 149-69. [Persian]##Hills P, Argyle M. The oxford happiness questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 2002; 33(7): 1073-82.##Alipour A, Noorbala A. A preliminary evaluation of the validity and reliability of the oxford happiness questionnaire in students in the universities of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 1999; 17: 55-65. [Persian]##Yousefi Z, Sharifi K, Tagharrobi Z, Akbari H. The effect of group reminiscence on happiness of the elderly. Evidence Based Care Journal. 2014; 4(3): 33-46. [Persian]##23. Khodabakhshi-koolaee A, Zahmatkesh M, Barzeghar Khezri R. The effect of relaxation and instrumental music by Arnd Stein on quality of sleep and happiness among ageing women. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 5(4): 46-53.##Ramtin S, Nikpeyma N. Investigating the happiness promotion Strategies in Iranian older adults: a review article. Journal of Gerontology. 2020; 4(4):40-55. [Persian]##Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Salehi M, Kazemi N. The effectiveness of music therapy and relaxation on blood pressure and pulse in the elderly with hypertension. Aging Psychology. 2017; 2(4): 293-303. [Persian]##Safarzadeh S, Savari K, Dashtbozorgi Z. Comparison of distress tolerance, coping styles, spiritual intelligence and happiness among elderly men and women. Aging Psychology. 2017; 2(4): 237-48. [Persian]##Kim J, Song Y, Kim T, Park K. Predictors of happiness among older Korean women living alone. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2019; 19(4): 352-6.##Sakamoto R, Okumiya K, Norboo T, Tsering N, Wada T, Fujisawa M, et al. Health and happiness among community-dwelling older adults in Domkhar valley, Ladakh, India. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2017; 17(3): 480-6.##Sithey G, Thow AM, Li M. Gross national happiness and health: lessons from Bhutan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2015; 93(8): 514.## ##

Health-Related Quality of Life and Gender Differences in Elderly People: a Cross-Sectional Study 2 2 Introduction: As the population is aging, concerns are raised regarding the quality of life of elderly people. Men and women tend to experience aging differently due to socioeconomic differences. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the state of health-related quality of life and its gender-related discrepancies in the elderly population in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly population in Mashhad, Iran. Following a multi-staged stratified sampling, participants were selected, and in order to complete the questionaries interviewed at their homes or the Health Center according to the participants’ priorities using the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36). The survey consists of 8 scales of physical functioning (PF), role limitations caused by physical health problems (RP), role limitations caused by emotional problems (RE), social functioning (SF), emotional well-being (EW), energy/fatigue (EF), pain (P), and general health (GH). Data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. Results: Men exhibited significantly higher scores on PF (71.38 ( ± 24.13) vs 57.63 ( ± 24.75), p =0.00), SF (74.22 ( ± 17.99) vs 67.27 ( ± 18.61), p =0.01), and p (77.38 ( ± 23.76) vs 64.79 ( ± 27.77), p =0.00) dimensions compared to women. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the main factors influencing the differences were variations between ages (60-65) with (70-75) and over 80 regarding PF, ages (60-65) with over 80 in RP, and finally, the difference attributed to ages (60-65) with (65-70) in GH. The comparison between the states of employment revealed that the employed individuals ranked higher in all dimensions except pain. Conclusion: This study provides an overall description of the state of the health-related quality of life of the elderly in Mashhad underscoring the differences that genders exhibit in each dimension which calls for a broader gender-based assessment of quality of life in this population in Mashhad and Iran. 97 103 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/132024/10/30 1403/8/9 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/112024/12/11 1403/9/21 Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Ehsan Mosa Farkhani Ehsan Mosa Farkhani Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Sima Nourbakhsh Sima Nourbakhsh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Maryam Srakhosh Maryam Srakhosh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran SarkhoshM@mums.ac.ir Aged Quality of Life Gender Epidemiology Health Rudnicka E, Napierała P, Podfigurna A, Męczekalski B, Smolarczyk R, Grymowicz M. The World Health Organization (WHO) approach to healthy ageing. Maturitas. 2020; 139: 6-11.##Scuteri A, Nilsson PM. Aging population: challenges and opportunities in a life course perspective. In: Cunha PG, Nilsson PM, Olsen MH, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S, editors. Early vascular aging (eva) (second edition). Boston: Academic Press; 2024. p. 35-9.##Chen X, Giles J, Yao Y, Yip W, Meng Q, Berkman L, et al. The path to healthy ageing in China: a Peking University-Lancet Commission. The Lancet. 2022; 400(10367): 1967-2006.##Kim S. World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Assessment. In: Maggino F, editor. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 7866-7.##Shanbehzadeh S, Zanjari N, Yassin M, Yassin Z, Tavahomi M. Association between long COVID, functional activity, and health-related quality of life in older adults. BMC Geriatrics. 2023; 23(1): 1-11.##Heydari J, Khani S, Shahhosseini Z. Health-related quality of life of elderly living in nursing home and homes in a district of Iran: Implications for policy makers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2012; 5(5): 2782-7.##Tajvar M, Arab M, Montazeri A. Determinants of health-related quality of life in elderly in Tehran, Iran. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8: 1-8.##Hajian-Tilaki K, Heidari B, Hajian-Tilaki A. Health related quality of life and its socio-demographic determinants among Iranian elderly people: a population based cross-sectional study. Journal of Caring Sciences. 2017; 6(1): 39-47.##Kowal P, Dowd JE. Definition of an older person. Proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS project. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2001; 10(2.1): 5188-9286.##Tourani S, Behzadifar M, Martini M, Aryankhesal A, Taheri Mirghaed M, Salemi M, et al. Health-related quality of life among healthy elderly Iranians: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2018; 16(1): 1-9.##Tapak L, Cheraghi F, Sadeghi A, Shirmohammadi N, Feizybarnaji A. Usefulness of the SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire in screening for health-related quality of life among parents of children with cancer: Latent profile analysis. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2022; 63(1): 142-51.##Hays RD, Morales LS. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Annals of Medicine. 2001; 33(5): 350-7.##Ahmadi M, Rohani C, Beiranvand S, Matbooei M, Poormansouri S. Health-related quality of life and predictive role of self-efficacy in Iranian patients with sickle cell disease. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer. 2018; 10(1): 1-8.##Mirzaei S, Tame AI, Anbiaie R, Moradipour F, Nasiri M, Rohani C. Emotional Intelligence as a predictor of health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2019; 6(3): 261-8.##Menassa M, Stronks K, Khatmi F, Roa Díaz ZM, Espinola OP, Gamba M, et al. Concepts and definitions of healthy ageing: a systematic review and synthesis of theoretical models. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 56: 101821.##Nazari S, Kamali K, Hajimiri K. Predictive factors of quality of life among the elderly in Iran: Application of Andersen's behavioral model. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021; 10: 70.##Beltz S, Gloystein S, Litschko T, Laag S, van den Berg N. Multivariate analysis of independent determinants of ADL/IADL and quality of life in the elderly. BMC Geriatrics. 2022; 22(1):894.##Yu R, Lai D, Leung G, Woo J. Trajectories of Intrinsic Capacity: Determinants and Associations with Disability. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2023; 27(3): 174-81.##Sentandreu-Mañó T, Badenes-Ribera L, Fernández I, Oliver A, Burks DJ, Tomás JM. Frailty in the old age as a direct marker of quality of life and health: Gender differences. Social Indicators Research. 2022; 160(2): 429-43.##Homma D, Minato I, Imai N, Miyasaka D, Horigome Y, Suzuki H, et al. Associations of lower-limb phase angle with locomotion and motor function in Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Geriatrics. 2023; 8(6):121.##Lv J, Li R, Yuan L, Yang Xl, Wang Y, Ye ZW, et al. Research on the frailty status and adverse outcomes of elderly patients with multimorbidity. BMC Geriatrics. 2022; 22(1): 560.##Skarupski KA, de Leon CFM, Bienias JL, Scherr PA, Zack MM, Moriarty DG, et al. Black–white differences in health-related quality of life among older adults. Quality of Life Research. 2007; 16(2): 287-96.##Moghadasi AM, Sum S, Matlabi H. Why do older people not use the public health services of the integrated aging program? A multidimensional approach in a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 2022; 22(1): 1288.##Bidarpoor F, Rahmani K, Akhavan B, Rahimzadeh A, Pourmoradi A. Identifying reasons of non-attendance of urban households in the comprehensive centers of health services in sanandaj: a combination of two quantitative and qualitative approaches. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2019; 14(4): 302-11.##Soleimanvandi Azar N, Mohaqeqi Kamal SH, Sajadi H, Ghaedamini Harouni GR, Karimi S, Foroozan AS. Barriers and facilitators of the outpatient health service use by the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020; 15(3): 258-77. [Persian]##Tajvar M, Yaseri M, Karami B, Mohammadi M. Pattern of outpatient health service utilization by older people in Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing.. 2021; 15(4): 410-27. [Persian]##Rivadeneira MF, Mendieta MJ, Villavicencio J, Caicedo-Gallardo J, Buendía P. A multidimensional model of healthy ageing: proposal and evaluation of determinants based on a population survey in Ecuador. BMC Geriatrics. 2021; 21(1): 1-11.##Aghamolaei T, Tavafian SS, Zare S. Health related quality of life in elderly people living in Bandar Abbas, Iran: a population-based study. Acta Medica Iranica. 2010; 48(3): 185-91.##Lu M, Wang X, Shen K, Ji C, Li W. Change trend and gender differences in disability-free life expectancy among older adults in China, 2010–2020. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023; 11: 1-9.##Farzianpour F, Arab M, Foroushani AR, Zali Mehran EM. Evaluation of the criteria for quality of life of elderly health care centers in Tehran Province, Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015; 8(7): 68-76.##Kurian A, Baidya J, Saha R, Dikshit S, Ratna V, Chakravarty S. Quality of life among the elderly: exploring gender, language and religion differences. Multimedia System. 2023; 10(4): 931-96.##Banerjee S, Gogoi P. Exploring the role of financial empowerment in mitigating the gender differentials in subjective and objective health outcomes among the older population in India. Plos One. 2023; 18(1): 1-24.##Kurth BM, Ellert U. The SF-36 questionnaire and its usefulness in population studies: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. Soz Praventivmed. 2002; 47(4): 266-77.##Lera L, Fuentes-García A, Sánchez H, Albala C. Validity and reliability of the SF-36 in Chilean older adults: the ALEXANDROS study. European Journal of Ageing. 2013; 10(2): 127-34.##Lu M, Wang XH, Peng C. Analysis on the trends of disability free life expectancy of older adults in China in the context of gender neutrality of social policy: an empirical study based on the sample survey of 1% population in 2005 and 2015. Population Development. 2019; 25: 100.##Franz C. Financial empowerment and health related quality of life in family scholar house participants. Journal of Financial Therapy. 2016; 7(1): 1-22.## ##

Comparing Personality Traits and Resilience Among Treatment-Seeking and Treatment-avoidant Elderly with Health Anxiety Disorde 2 2 Introduction: Treatment-seeking behaviors in elderly patients can facilitate timely diagnosis and effective intervention for health issues, whereas treatment-avoidant behaviors may contribute to the progression of diseases and an increased burden of chronic conditions. Understanding the psychological factors influencing these behaviors is crucial for improving health outcomes in this population. This study aimed to compare personality traits and resilience among elderly patients with health anxiety who exhibit treatment-seeking versus treatment-avoidant behaviors. Methods: This fundamental research employed a causal-comparative design. The statistical population consisted of elderly patients with health anxiety who referred to Healthcare Centers in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, in 2023. A sample of 60 patients was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Salkowski Health Anxiety Inventory. Hypotheses were tested using MANOVA. Results: Significant differences were observed between treatment-seeking and treatment-avoidant patients in terms of personality traits and resilience (F (2, 57) = 11.28, p < 0.05). The findings highlighted that individuals with certain personality traits and higher levels of resilience were more inclined to seek treatment. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of considering personality traits and resilience as key factors when developing strategies for encouraging appropriate healthcare-seeking behaviors among elderly patients with health anxiety. Understanding these factors can inform tailored interventions to reduce treatment avoidance and improve overall health management. 104 110 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/132024/10/302024/11/23 1403/9/3 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/112024/12/112024/12/10 1403/9/20 Masood Ghorbanalipour Masood Ghorbanalipour Department of Psychology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Iran Masoudqorbanalipour@gmail.com Somayeh Hajihatamlou Somayeh Hajihatamlou Department of Psychology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Iran Bahare Hosseinlou Bahare Hosseinlou Department of Psychology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Iran Ameneh Zardi Nahr Ameneh Zardi Nahr Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran Iran Personality Resilience Health Anxiety Help-Seeking Behavior Aged Deng Z, Deng Z, Fan G, Wang B, Fan W, Liu S. More is better? Understanding the effects of online interactions on patients’ health anxiety. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 2023; 74(11): 1243-64.##Patel TA, Schubert FT, Hom MA, Cougle JR. Correlates of treatment seeking in individuals with social anxiety disorder: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2022; 91: 102616.##Waumans RC, Muntingh AD, Draisma S, Huijbregts KM, van Balkom AJ, Batelaan NM. Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking in adults with a depressive or anxiety disorder in a Western-European health care setting: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022; 22(165): 1-15.##Lebel S, Mutsaers B, Tomei C, Leclair CS, Jones G, Petricone-Westwood D, et al. Health anxiety and illness-related fears across diverse chronic illnesses: A systematic review on conceptualization, measurement, prevalence, course, and correlates. Plos One. 2020; 15(7): 1-48.##Hannah K, Marie K, Olaf H, Stephan B, Andreas D, Wilson Michael L, et al. The global economic burden of health anxiety/hypochondriasis-a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2023; 23(1): 1-11.##Halldorsson B, Salkovskis PM. Reassurance and its alternatives: Overview and cognitive behavioural conceptualisation. 2023.##Gala F. A study on cyberchondria and health anxiety among young adult females. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 2023; 4(1): 1-4.##Norbye AD, Abelsen B, Førde OH, Ringberg U. Distribution of health anxiety in a general adult population and associations with demographic and social network characteristics. Psychological Medicine. 2022; 52(12): 2255-62.##Zhang Y, Song Y, Miao Y, Liu Y, Han D. The causal relationship of depression, anxiety, and neuroticism with main indicators of sarcopenia: a Mendelian randomization study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2023; 38(7): e5980.##Rozovsky R, Bertocci M, Iyengar S, Stiffler RS, Bebko G, Skeba AS, et al. Identifying tripartite relationship among cortical thickness, neuroticism, and mood and anxiety disorders. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1): 1-12.##Kamali M, Mousavi SK, Akbari F, Khodabandeh M, Moharramkhani M. Relationship between personality traits and health anxiety among nurses. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery. 2024; 34(2): 159-66.##Radford AR. Substance use motives and personality traits among a first nation treatment-seeking population [PhD thesis]. Canada: Lakehead University; 2022.##Nikčević AV, Marino C, Kolubinski DC, Leach D, Spada MM. Modelling the contribution of the big five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021; 279: 578-84.##Fan J. Relationships between five-factor personality model and anxiety: the effect of conscientiousness on anxiety. Open Journal of Social Sciences. 2020; 8(8): 462-9.##Mohammadi M, Basharpoor S. The relationship between basic psychological needs and health promoting behaviors with health anxiety in older women: the mediating role of resilience. Aging Psychology. 2024; 9(4): 397-77.##Regy MM, Kiran PR, Gnanaselvam NA. Anxiety and resilience among the elderly during the Covid-19 related lockdown in Anekal, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Gerontology. 2021; 35(2): 143-50.##Darmawan D. the effect of the big five personality O. Management & Accounting Research Journal. 2017; 2(1): 36-42.##Bailey R, Wells A. Does metacognition make a unique contribution to health anxiety when controlling for neuroticism, illness cognition, and somatosensory amplification?. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2013; 27(4): 327-37.##Spink Jr GL, Green TB, Jorgensen RS. Openness moderates the relationship between modern health worries and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014; 70: 35-8.##Shin E, Kim M, Kim S, Sok S. Effects of reminiscence therapy on quality of life and life satisfaction of the elderly in the community: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics. 2023; 23(1): 1-9.##Chen J, Lin ZN, Tao YT, Zhao QN, Li Q, Yang H, et al. Influences of personality characteristics and coping modes on anxiety in primary glaucoma patients. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019; 12(7): 1163-9.##Anisi J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 5(4): 351-5.##Worrell FC, Cross Jr WE. The reliability and validity of Big Five Inventory scores with African American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 2004; 32(1): 18-32.##Babakhani N. The relationship between the big-five model of personality, self-regulated learning strategies and academic performance of Islamic Azad University students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 116: 3542-7.##Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety. 2003; 18(2): 76-82.##Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. Internal Consistency and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among Nursing Female. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2014; 14(10): 851-9.##Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark D. The health anxiety inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine. 2002; 32(5): 843-53.##Davoudi I, Nargassi F, Mehrabizadeh M. Gender differences in health anxiety and related dysfunctional beliefs: Controlling for age. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology. 2012; 1(3): 1-11. [Persian]## ##

Comparison of the Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on Mental Vitality in Caregivers of Elderly Parents 2 2 Introduction: Caregiving burden for older adults can impose significant physical and emotional demands, leading to a reduction in mental vitality among caregiver children. Effective psychological interventions are crucial to enhance their well-being. Methods: This quasi-experimental study included two psychological interventions: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT), with baseline, post-test, and follow-up phases, along with a control group for comparison. The research population comprised female caregivers who accompanied their older adults to health centers in Tehran. From a total of 169 individuals, 45 participants were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 participants each, forming two experimental groups and one control group. Data were collected using the Ryan and Frederick Mental Vitality Questionnaire, and multivariate covariance analysis was applied for data analysis to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. Results: The analysis showed that both ACT and EFT interventions significantly improved the mental vitality of caregiver children in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Additionally, EFT demonstrated a greater impact on enhancing mental vitality compared to ACT. Conclusion: Emotion-focused interventions, such as EFT, can be considered a more effective approach for improving the mental vitality of caregiver children of older adults. This highlights the importance of incorporating tailored emotional support strategies in caregiver assistance programs. 111 121 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/132024/10/302024/11/232024/11/11 1403/8/21 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/112024/12/112024/12/102024/12/4 1403/9/14 Zahra Noorali Zahra Noorali Department of Counseling, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran Reza Khakpour Reza Khakpour Department of Counseling, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran R.khakpour@riau.ac.ir Pante'a Jahangir Pante'a Jahangir Department of Counseling, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Emotion-Focused Therapy Mental Vitality Caregivers Aged Keihani A, Mayeli A, Ferrarelli F. Circadian rhythm changes in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. Advanced Biology. 2023; 7(11): 1-29.##Brady S, Patskanick T, Coughlin JF. An intersectional approach to understanding the psychological health effects of combining work and parental caregiving. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2024; 79(6): 1-9.##Fernández-Portero C, Alarcón D, Gallardo-Flores A, Amián JG, Sánchez-Medina JA. Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention program for women family caregivers of older adults. Healthcare; 2021; 9(9): 1-10.##Orfila F, Coma-Solé M, Cabanas M, Cegri-Lombardo F, Moleras-Serra A, Pujol Ribera E. Family caregiver mistreatment of the elderly: prevalence of risk and associated factors. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1): 1-14.##Zehtab S, Tabatabaeinejad FT. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on psychological well-being and quality of life in caregivers of the elderly with alzheimer's disease in isfahan city: a quasi-experimental study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2022; 21(2): 187-206. [Persian]##Guerra-Martín MD, Casado-Espinosa MDR, Gavira-López Y, Holgado-Castro C, López-Latorre I, Borrallo-Riego Á. Quality of life in caregivers of cancer patients: a literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2): 1-23.##Lacey RE, Xue B, Di Gessa G, Lu W, McMunn A. Mental and physical health changes around transitions into unpaid caregiving in the UK: a longitudinal, propensity score analysis. The Lancet Public Health. 2024; 9(1): 16-25.##Han A, Yuen HK, Lee HY, Zhou X. Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on process measures of family caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 2020; 18: 201-13.##Frederick C, Ryan RM. The energy behind human flourishing: theory and research on subjective vitality. In: Ryan RM, editors. The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory. Oxford University Press; 2023; P.215-35.##Lomas T, Ritchie-Dunham J, Lee MT, VanderWeele TJ. The varieties of vitality: A cross-cultural lexical analysis. International Journal of Wellbeing. 2022; 12(4): 155-80.##Razavian FS, Imani S, Nourbakhsh SM. Effectiveness of mental toughness on distress tolerance and mental vitality in parents of children with leukemia. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2021; 15(3): 403-22. [Persian]##Borji M, Tarjoman A. Investigating the effect of religious intervention on mental vitality and sense of loneliness among the elderly referring to community healthcare centers. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020; 59(1): 163-72.##Pineda-Espejel HA, Morquecho-Sánchez R, Terán L, López-Gaspar I, Hernández-Mendo A, Morales-Sánchez V, et al. Satisfied and frustrated needs, subjective vitality and university students’ life satisfaction of physical activity and sports. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4): 1-15.##Leidenfrost CM, Calabrese W, Schoelerman RM, Coggins E, Ranney M, Sinclair SJ, et al. Changes in psychological health and subjective well-being among incarcerated individuals with serious mental illness. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2016; 22(1): 12-20.##Söderbacka T. Vitality, health, and work: The older person's vitality sources. Åbo Akademi University; 2022.##Liu C, Badana AN, Burgdorf J, Fabius CD, Roth DL, Haley WE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of racial and ethnic differences in dementia caregivers’ well-being. The Gerontologist. 2021; 61(5): 228-43.##Luchetti M, Terracciano A, Stephan Y, Aschwanden D, Sutin AR. Personality and psychological health in caregivers of older relatives: A case-control study. Aging & Mental Health. 2021; 25(9): 1692-700.##Cheng W-L, Chang CC, Griffiths MD, Yen CF, Liu JH, Su JA, et al. Quality of life and care burden among family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: mediating effects of self-esteem and psychological distress. BMC Psychiatry. 2022; 22(1): 1-15.##Breen LJ, Aoun SM, O’Connor M, Johnson AR, Howting D. Effect of caregiving at end of life on grief, quality of life and general health: a prospective, longitudinal, comparative study. Palliative Medicine. 2020; 34(1): 145-54.##Chen K, Lou VW, Tan KCk, Wai My, Chan LL. Effects of a humanoid companion robot on dementia symptoms and caregiver distress for residents in long-term care. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2020; 21(11): 1724-8.##Atefi GL, van Knippenberg RJ, Bartels SL, Losada-Baltar A, Márquez-González M, Verhey FR, et al. A web-based intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy for family caregivers of people with dementia: mixed methods feasibility study. JMIR Aging. 2024; 7(1): 1-19.##Barrett K, Stewart I. A preliminary comparison of the efficacy of online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) stress management interventions for social and healthcare workers. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2021; 29(1): 113-26.##Lappalainen P, Pakkala I, Lappalainen R, Nikander R. Supported web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for older family caregivers (CareACT) compared to usual care. Clinical Gerontologist. 2022; 45(4): 939-55.##Han A, Yuen HK, Jenkins J. Acceptance and commitment therapy for family caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health Psychology. 2021; 26(1): 82-102.##Chan CY, Cheung G, Martinez-Ruiz A, Chau PY, Wang K, Yeoh E, et al. Caregiving burnout of community-dwelling people with dementia in Hong Kong and New Zealand: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics. 2021; 21(1): 1-15.##Cordeiro K, Wyers C, Oliver M, Foroughe M, Muller RT. Caregiver maltreatment history and treatment response following an intensive emotion focused family therapy workshop. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2022; 29(5): 1728-41.##Foroughe M, Browne DT, Thambipillai P, Cordeiro K, Muller RT. Brief emotion-focused family therapy: A 12-month follow-up study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2023; 49(2): 394-410.##Lee SE. An investigation into the effects of music psychosocial interventions on the well-being of people living with dementia and their family carers. University of Limerick; 2021.##Morrison AS, Mateen MA, Brozovich FA, Zaki J, Goldin PR, Heimberg RG, et al. Changes in empathy mediate the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy but not mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy. 2019; 50(6): 1098-111.##Robinson A. Enhancing empathy in emotion-focused group therapy for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A case conceptualization model for interpersonal rupture and repair. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2020; 50(2): 133-42.##Kebritchi A, Abolghasemi S, Shahriari Ahmadi M. The effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on cognitive flexibility and distress tolerance married women with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychological Science. 2024: 23(143): 97-113.##Dutch MS, Ratanasiripong P. Marriage family therapist’s attitudes toward evidence-based treatments and readiness for change. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 2017; 27(4): 540.##Andriani M, Khoinejad G, Akbari Amarghan H. Comparing the effectiveness of emotion-based therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy on emotional self-regulation, psychological well-being of couples. Jornal of Applied Family Therapy. 2022; 3(1): 223-42.##Marzban A, Akbari M, Moradi M, Fanian N. The effect of emotional freedom techniques (EFT) on anxiety and caregiver burden of family caregivers of patients with heart failure: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2024; 13(1): 1-9.##Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality. 1997; 65(3): 529-65.##Rajaei M, Nasri M, Shahabizadeh F. The effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on cognitive fusion and emotional self-regulation of spouses of veterans. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2024; 19(73): 47-56. [Persian]##Greenberg LS, Watson JC. Emotion-focused therapy for depression: Canadian contributions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. 2022; 54(2): 152-62.##Du S, Dong J, Jin S, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain conditions on functioning: A systematic review protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2021; 77(1): 417-26.##Shirazipour M. The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to reduce rumination and worry about body image of elderly patients with depression. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2022; 24(1): 21-8.##Heydarian S, Seyrafi M, Kalhornia M, Jomehri F, Bagholi H. Effectiveness of emotion-based therapy on the anxiety and psychological wellbeing of the patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 63(2): 2380-90.##Sadighiyan H, Abbasian M, Yousefi M, Maasoumi N, Nikanfar R, Matlabi H. Quality of life among older adults covered by various pension funds, Tabriz, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2021; 7(2): 84-90.## ##

The Effects of Multimodal Exercise Program on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Parkinson's Disease 2 2 Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological illness characterized by various motor and non-motor symptoms that can lead to varying degrees of functional impairment. This study aims to investigate the effects of a multimodal exercise program (MEP) on functional capacity and quality of life in elderly patients with PD. Methods: Thirty elderly patients with PD were randomly divided into two equal groups of MEP and control, with no significant differences in age, weight, and height. The variables of Functional Factors and Quality of Life were assessed in pre- and post-tests. MEP was performed five days a week for twelve weeks. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The study observed significant differences in quality of life, static balance, dynamic balance, wrist strength, and walking performance between the two groups of PD patients (p <0.001). The mean scores of quality of life, static balance, dynamic balance, and wrist strength in the MEP group were significantly higher compared to the control group (p <0.001). Additionally, after the intervention, the walking speed in the MEP group showed a significant improvement, with a lower completion time compared to the control group (p <0.001). Conclusion: MEP can be used as a useful and effective method to improve quality of life, static balance, dynamic balance, wrist strength and walking performance of PD patients. Therefore, MEP (resistance, aerobic, and balance) is recommended as the most effective complementary therapeutic strategy for PD. 122 128 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/132024/10/302024/11/232024/11/112024/11/25 1403/9/5 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/112024/12/112024/12/102024/12/42024/12/9 1403/9/19 Abbas Abdel Amir Nasser Abbas Abdel Amir Nasser Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran khosro Jalali Dehkordi khosro Jalali Dehkordi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran khosrojalali@gmail.com Mahmoud Nasser Radhi Mahmoud Nasser Radhi Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kufa, Iraq Iraq Farzaneh Taghian Farzaneh Taghian Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran Ahmad Chitsaz Ahmad Chitsaz Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Multimodal Exercise Program Parkinson’s Disease Functional Factors Quality of Life Aging Jankovic J, Kapadia AS. Functional decline in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology. 2001; 58(10): 1611-5.##Lewis SJ, Barker RA. Understanding the dopaminergic deficits in Parkinson’s disease: insights into disease heterogeneity. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2009; 16(5): 620-5.##Hubble JP, Cao T, Hassanein R, Neuberger J, Roller W. Risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993; 43(9): 1693.## Huang Z, de la Fuente-Fernández R, Stoessl AJ. Etiology of Parkinson's disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2003; 30(S1): 10-8.## Robinson K, Dennison A, Roalf D, Noorigian J, Cianci H, Bunting-Perry L, et al. Falling risk factors in Parkinson's disease. NeuroRehabilitation. 2005; 20(3): 169-82.## Lord S, Sherrington C, Menz H, Close J. Falls in older people: risk factors and strategies for prevention. 2007.## Colón-Semenza C, Darbandsari P, Carolan K, Marquez DX, Gorin A. Comparing physical activity and exercise experiences, values, and beliefs of Latino, Latina, and/or Latine people and non-Latino, non-Latina, and/or non-Latine people with Parkinson disease: a qualitative study. Physical Therapy. 2024; 104(10): 119.##Abuoaf R, AlKaabi R, Mohamed Saleh A, Zerough U, Hartley T, Van Niekerk S-M, et al. The effect of physical exercise on anxiety in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of randomized control trials. NeuroRehabilitation. 2023; 52(3): 387-402.## Dai S, Yuan H, Wang J, Yang Y, Wen S. Effects of aquatic exercise on the improvement of lower-extremity motor function and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023; 14: 1-10.## Giroux ML. Parkinson disease: managing a complex, progressive disease at all stages. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2007; 74(5): 313-4.## Mak MK, Wong-Yu IS, Shen X, Chung CL. Long-term effects of exercise and physical therapy in people with Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2017; 13(11): 689-703.##Wang D, Cui WJ, Hou ZH, Gao Y. Effectiveness of different exercises in improving postural balance among Parkinson's disease patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2023; 15: 1-12.## Zhang TY, Hu Y, Nie ZY, Jin RX, Chen F, Guan Q, et al. Effects of Tai Chi and multimodal exercise training on movement and balance function in mild to moderate idiopathic Parkinson disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2015; 94(10S): 921-9.##Scherbaum R, Hartelt E, Kinkel M, Gold R, Muhlack S, Tönges L. Parkinson’s disease multimodal complex treatment improves motor symptoms, depression and quality of life. Journal of Neurology. 2020; 267(4): 954-65.## De Maio M, Castellani L, Cugusi L, Cortis C, Fusco A. The effect of a combined exercise program on postural control and fine motor skills in Parkinson’s disease: study design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22): 1-10.## Daneshvar P, Ghasemi G, Zolaktaf V, Karimi MT. Comparison of the effect of 8-week rebound therapy-based exercise program and weight-supported exercises on the range of motion, proprioception, and the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2019; 10(1): 1-8.## Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology. 1967; 17(5): 427-42## Jenkinson C, Fitzpatric R, Peto V. The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): development and validation of a Parkinson’s disease summary index score. Age & Aging. 1997; 26; 353-357.##Ghaem H, Borhani Haghighi A, Zeghami B, Dehghan A. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Parkinson disease quality of life (PDQL) questionnaire. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2010 1; 16(1): 49-57.## Dunn R, Stepanek J, Eboka R, Pradhan GN. Effects of acute hypocapnia on postural standing balance measured by sharpened Romberg testing (SRT) in healthy subjects. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2024: 35(4): 417-21.## Kocer B, Soke F, Ataoglu NE, Ersoy N, Gulsen C, Gulsen EO, et al. The reliability and validity of the 3-m backward walk test in people with Parkinson’s disease. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971). 2023; 192(6): 3063-71.##Piry H, Naserpour N, Sheikhhosseini R. The effect of core stability exercises on static and dynamic balance in healthy older men. Journal of Gerontology. 2023; 7(4): 61-74. [Persian]## Decostre V, Canal A, Ollivier G, Ledoux I, Moraux A, Doppler V, et al. Wrist flexion and extension torques measured by highly sensitive dynamometer in healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2015; 16: 1-11.## Ferrusola-Pastrana A, Davison G, Meadows SN. The therapeutic effects of multimodal exercise for people with Parkinson's: A longitudinal community-based study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2023; 110: 105366.##Alavi Kh, Sheikh M, Bagherzadeh F. Comparing effect of Tai Chi and Pilates exercises on static and dynamic balance of elderly men with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Gerontology. 2018; 3(2): 72-83. [Persian]##Nosratikia R, Mahdavinejad R, Esmaeili H. Effect of 12 weeks dynamic neuromuscular stabilization training on balance in people with Parkinson's disease. Studies in Sport Medicine. 2023; 14(34): 143-68.## Peto D, Schmidmeier F, Katzdobler S, Fietzek UM, Levin J, Wuehr M, et al. No evidence for effects of low-intensity vestibular noise stimulation on mild-to-moderate gait impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology. 2024; 271(8): 1-9.## Auston Brickell B, Passmore T, Holt R, Lee J, Feasley R, Wood F, et al. Effects of balance-based recreational therapy on postural stability in those diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Therapeutic Recreation Journal. 2024; 58(4).## Mollinedo-Cardalda I, Cancela-Carral JM, Vila-Suárez MH. Effect of a Mat Pilates program with TheraBand on dynamic balance in patients with Parkinson's disease: feasibility study and randomized controlled trial. Rejuvenation Research. 2018; 1; 21(5): 423-30.## Shimada H, Obuchi S, Furuna T, Suzuki T. New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: the effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2004; 83(7): 493-9.## Bambaeichi E, Rahnama N, Mahmoudi F. Effects of resistance and balance training on muscle strength of male patients with Parkinson's. Sport Physiology. 2014; 6(21): 31-42. [Persian]## Murakami K, Koh J, Ogami S, Aoki Y, Hori K, Emori S, et al. Prevalence, impact, and screening methods of sarcopenia in Japanese patients with Parkinson’s disease: a prospective cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2024; 16(7): 1-11.## Cui W, Li D, Yue L, Xie J. The effects of exercise dose on patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neurology. 2023; 270(11): 5327-43.## Nascimento LR, Boening A, Rocha RJ, do Carmo WA, Ada L. Walking training with auditory cueing improves walking speed more than walking training alone in ambulatory people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2024; 70(3): 208-15.##Azadian E, Majlesi M, Fatahi A, Bakhtiyarian R. Evaluation of spatio-temporal gait variability during obstacle crossing in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2023; 9(3): 234-50.## Keykha Hosseinpoor A, Rahnama N. Effect of eight weeks of laughter yoga exercises on the quality of life of patients‎ with Parkinson disease. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2021; 10(2): 39-48. [Persian]##Cheng WH, Quan Y, Thompson WF. The effect of dance on mental health and quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2024; 120: 105326.## ##

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Physical and Cognitive Health in Older Adults 2 2 As the global population ages, maintaining health and functionality in older adults has become a key public health priority. Exercise is widely recognized as a powerful intervention to enhance physical and mental health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve the quality of life in older adults. Among the various types of physical activity, aerobic and resistance exercises are two of the most frequently recommended for elderly populations. This article provides a detailed comparison of these two forms of exercise, examining their effects on cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal integrity, cognitive function, metabolic health, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life in older adults. 129 135 2024/07/202024/08/102024/10/132024/10/302024/11/232024/11/112024/11/252024/11/7 1403/8/17 2024/11/242024/12/112024/12/112024/12/112024/12/102024/12/42024/12/92024/12/21 1403/10/1 Alireza Babaei Mazreno Alireza Babaei Mazreno Department of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran alireza.babaei.m@gmail.com Farzaneh Taghian Farzaneh Taghian Department of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran Aerobic Training Resistance Training Aged Pleticosic-Ramírez Y, Arufe-Giráldez V, Rodríguez-Negro J, Mecías-Calvo M, Navarro-Patón R. Is it possible to improve the perceived quality of life of overweight or obese older people through a multicomponent physical exercise program? Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(7): 1-11.##Chapman SB, Aslan S, Spence JS, DeFina LF, Keebler MW, Didehbani N, et al. Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2013; 5: 1-9.##Rognmo Ø, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Mølstad P, Myhr NE, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high-versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012; 126(12): 1436-40.##Wang Y, Xu D. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2017; 16: 1-8.##Dimeo F, Pagonas N, Seibert F, Arndt R, Zidek W, Westhoff TH. Aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure in resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2012; 60(3): 653-8.##Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(10): 999-1008.##Murray KO, Mahoney SA, Venkatasubramanian R, Seals DR, Clayton ZS. Aging, aerobic exercise, and cardiovascular health: Barriers, alternative strategies and future directions. Experimental Gerontology. 2023; 173: 1-27.##Shiroma EJ, Cook NR, Manson JE, Moorthy M, Buring JE, Rimm EB, et al. Strength training and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2017; 49(1): 40-6.##Chomistek AK, Cook NR, Flint AJ, Rimm EB. Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity and risk of major chronic disease in men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2012; 44(10): 1898-1905.##Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2013; 2(1): 1-9.##Behjati A, Babai Mazrae No A, Faramarzi M. The effect of resistance training on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in older women. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3): 156-165. [Persian]##Miyachi M, Donato AJ, Yamamoto K, Takahashi K, Gates PE, Moreau KL, et al. Greater age-related reductions in central arterial compliance in resistance-trained men. Hypertension. 2003; 41(1): 130-5.##Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Colombo E, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376(20): 1943-55.##Rakobowchuk M, McGowan C, De Groot P, Bruinsma D, Hartman J, Phillips S, et al. Effect of whole body resistance training on arterial compliance in young men. Experimental Physiology. 2005; 90(4): 645-51.##Ghane M, Aghayari A, Babai MA. Body fat percentage in active and inactive students using anthropometric parameters. Journal of Pediatric Perspectives. 2014; 2(4): 1-8.##Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009; 169(2): 122-31.##Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Rosenkranz SK, Symonds ME. Impact of concurrent training versus aerobic or resistance training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiology & Behavior. 2022; 254: 113888.##Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Low-intensity resistance training after high-intensity resistance training can prevent the increase of central arterial stiffness. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 34(5): 385-90.##Peterson MD, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for the aging adult: clinical implications and prescription guidelines. The American Journal of Medicine. 2011; 124(3): 194-8.##Pleticosic-Ramírez Y, Mecías-Calvo M, Arufe-Giráldez V, Navarro-Patón R. Incidence of a multicomponent physical exercise program on body composition in overweight or obese people aged 60 years or older from Chile. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(2): 1-12.##Cacciatore S, Calvani R, Esposito I, Massaro C, Gava G, Picca A, et al. Emerging targets and treatments for sarcopenia: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2024; 16(19): 1-26.##Zhong Y-J, Meng Q, Su C-H. Mechanism-driven strategies for reducing fall risk in the elderly: a multidisciplinary review of exercise interventions. Healthcare. 2024; 12(23): 1-25.##Liu-Ambrose T, Nagamatsu LS, Graf P, Beattie BL, Ashe MC, Handy TC. Resistance training and executive functions: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010; 170(2): 170-8.##Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011; 108(7): 3017-22.##Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010; 72(3): 239-52.##26. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, Watkins L, Hoffman BM, Barbour KA, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2007; 69(7): 587-96.##Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003; 14(2): 125-30.##Barnes DE, Whitmer RA, Yaffe K. Physical activity and dementia: the need for prevention trials. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2007; 35(1): 24-9.##Banihashemi EM, Sharifi G, Zakavi I, Babai MA. Comparative study of the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on static and dynamic balance in elderly males. Elderly Health Journal. 2015; 1(1): 12-15.##Al-Mhanna SB, Batrakoulis A, Ghazali WSW, Mohamed M, Aldayel A, Alhussain MH, et al. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2024; 12: 1-32.##Zhang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Gui J, Mei Y, Yang X, et al. Optimal obesity-and lipid-related indices for predicting type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1): 1-13.##Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007; 147(6): 357-69.##Elsayed HA, Mohamed MA, Sayed AA, Farouk HM, Ghallab MA. Comparative effect of aerobic training vs resistance exercise on homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic individuals: a randomized clinical trial. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2024; 26(2): 177-83.##Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(10): 1729-36.##Li A, Sun Y, Li M, Wang D, Ma X. Effects of elastic band resistance training on the physical and mental health of elderly individuals: a mixed methods systematic review. Plos One. 2024; 19(5): 1-27.##Chang de Pinho I, Giorelli G, Oliveira Toledo D. A narrative review examining the relationship between mental health, physical activity, and nutrition. Discover Psychology. 2024; 4(1): 1-8.##Ocobock C, Lacy S. Woman the hunter: the physiological evidence. American Anthropologist. 2024; 126(1): 7-18.##O'Connor PJ, Herring MP, Caravalho A. Mental health benefits of strength training in adults. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2010; 4(5): 377-96.##Munawar K, Fadzil Z, Choudhry FR, Kausar R. Cognitive functioning, dependency, and quality of life among older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 2024; 48(1): 115-40.##Pereira B, Monteiro D, Matos R, Jacinto M, Amaro N, Antunes R, et al. Effect of a 12-week strength training program on muscle strength measures of institutionalized older adults—a pilot study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(14): 1-12.##Verma A, Balekar N, Rai A. navigating the physical and mental landscape of cardio, aerobic, zumba, and yoga. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2024; 12(2): 242-50.##Obeagu E, Akinleye C. Promoting social integration: blood transfusions and improved social well-being in HIV patients. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024; 2(7): 25-34.##Petry SE, Lara L, Boucher NA. Older caregivers: who they are and how to support them. Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 2024; 36(4): 589-602.##Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Physical activity, exercise and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2024; 22(1-3): 91-101.##Watso, JC, Vondrasek JD. Risks of Exercise in Older Adults. In: Sullivan GM, Pomidor AK, editors. Exercise for Aging Adults: A Guide for Practitioners. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2024. p. 29-45.##Reuter M, Rosenberger F, Barz A, Venhorst A, Blanz L, Roecker K, et al. Effects on cardiorespiratory fitness of moderate-intensity training vs. energy-matched training with increasing intensity. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2024; 5:1-10.## ##