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Beyond the Pension Crisis: Activating Iran's Elderly Labor Market as a National Imperative 2 2 This article has no abstract. 71 72 2025/05/19 1404/2/29 2025/12/8 1404/9/17 Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Hossein Ahadi Mohammad Hossein Ahadi Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran m.hossien.ahadi@gmail.com Not applicable Yavari K, Basakha M, Sadeghi H, Naseri A. Economic aspects of ageing. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(1): 92-105. [Persian]##Mohseni R, Gharib Pour A. Aging inflatable populations and pension funds. Macroeconomics Research Letter. 2022; 17(35): 39-71. [Persian]##ILO, Social Security Department. An inclusive society for an ageing population: the employment and social proptection challenge: paper contributed by the ILO to the Second World Assembly on Aging; Madrid, 2002 Apr. 8-12. Geneva: ILO; 2002.##Kahn LM. Labor market policy: A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2012; 31(1): 94-110.##Sadighiyan H, Abbasian M, Yousefi M, Maasoumi N, Nikanfar R, Matlabi H. Quality of life among older adults covered by various pension funds, Tabriz, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2021; 7(2): 84-90.##Series of Systemic Analysis and Simulation Reports (1): Ways to Enhance the Sustainability of Pension Funds; 2024 Sep. Report No.: 20073.##Naghdi Y, Kaghazian S, Lashkarizadeh M. Comparing the Effects of Inflation and Unemployment on Social Security in Iran. Order & Security Research Journal. 2020; 13(3): 1-26.##Gender Data Portal [Internet]. World Bank Group; 2023. [cited 2025 May 1] [Available from: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/home?gender=total&age=15-64##Natali D. Pensions after the financial and economic crisis: a comparative analysis of recent reforms in Europe. The European Trade :union: Institute; 2011.##Fekete C, Johannes S, Post M, Tough H, Brinkhof M. Does engagement in productive activities affect mental health and well-being in older adults with a chronic physical disability? Observational evidence from a Swiss cohort study. Aging & Mental Health. 2020; 24(5): 732-9.##Hernæs E, Markussen S, Piggott J, Røed K. The impact of pension reform on employment, retirement, and disability insurance claims. Journal of Population Economics. 2024; 37: 1-27.## ##

Older Adults Living Alone: A Neglected Population in Times of Disaster 2 2  This article has no abstract. 73 73 2025/05/192025/07/9 1404/4/18 2025/12/82025/11/25 1404/9/4 Ameneh Marzban Ameneh Marzban Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran amenemarzban@yahoo.com Elderly health Disaster preparedness Social isolation Emergency response Aging population Abbasian M, Ghojazadeh M, Sarbazi E, Safaralipour M, Hamishehkar H, Soleimanpour H. Challenges of older people experienced after an earthquake disaster situation: a neglected issue. Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine. 2023; 11(1): 1-7.##Ahmadi S, Khankeh H, Sahaf R, Dalvandi A, Hosseini SA. Daily life challenges in an earthquake disaster situation in older adults: A qualitative study in Iran. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2018; 12(4): 8-12.##Khodadadi H, Vatankhah S, Sadeghi T. Indexes of caring for elderly in earthquakes according to the Iranian experience: a qualitative study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12(4): 493-501.##Kar N. Care of older persons during and after disasters: meeting the challenge. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research; 2016; 3(1): 7-12.##Khankeh HR, Ahmadi S, Sahaf R, Dalvandi A, Hosseini SA. Life changes of the elderly after earthquake: a qualitative study in Iran. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly. 2020; 6(1): 9-16.##Daddoust L, Khankeh H, Ebadi A, Sahaf R, Nakhaei M, Asgary A. The vulnerability of the Iranian elderly in disasters: Qualitative content analysis. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2018; 23(5): 402-8.##Briguglio M, Giorgino R, Dell'Osso B, Cesari M, Porta M, Lattanzio F, et al. Consequences for the elderly after COVID-19 isolation: FEaR (frail elderly amid restrictions). Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 1-5.## ##

Recreational Sports and the Development of Happiness in Older Adults: A Systematic Review 2 2 Introduction: Recreational sports significantly enhance the physical and mental well-being of older adults, contributing to their overall quality of life and happiness. This study aimed to identify the key factors that shape their inclination toward recreational sports and the development of happiness. Methods: This study used a systematic review approach to analyze articles on factors influencing older adults’ inclination toward recreational sports and the development of happiness. Relevant Persian and English articles published in reputable national and international journals were included. For domestic articles, databases such as SID, Magiran, Noormags, Civilica, and Irandoc were used. For international articles, a comprehensive search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as platforms including Human Kinetics, ScienceDirect, Sage, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library, Eric, and Google Scholar. The search was restricted to studies published between 2020 and 2024 to ensure the inclusion of the most recent and relevant research. Keywords related to recreational sports, active leisure, and the development of happiness among older adults were used in both Persian and English. Results: The results of the research, derived from the analysis of 24 studies, indicated that factors such as previous sports experience during youth and middle age, economic status, policy-making methods, organizational, governmental, and private support, interest in physical activity, innovation and technology development, physical and mental health, environmental conditions, emotional and psychological state, and social circles, including friends and family, had the most significant impact on older adults' inclination towards recreational sports and, ultimately, the development of happiness among them. Conclusion: Supportive policies and targeted training programs should be developed to promote recreational sports among older adults, alongside providing tailored facilities, financial security, and social respect. Improving transportation access and using media for awareness can further enhance their participation and overall happiness.   74 85 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/24 1403/5/3 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/5 1403/10/16 Masoud Naderian Masoud Naderian Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran Amir Hossein Labbaf Amir Hossein Labbaf Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran amirhosseinlabbaf@spr.ui.ac.ir Systematic Review Sports Happiness Aged Leisure Activities Mohammadi A, Abdollahi MH, Noury R, Hashemi Razini H, Shahgholian M. Predicting psychological well-being of the elderly based on cognitive impairment and negative emotions mediated by coping self-efficacy and social support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2023; 17(4): 536-55. [Persian]##Aghaei N, Keshavarz F, Boroumand M. Identification of value proposition factors for the customers of entertainment and sports complexes in Tehran. Sport Management Journal. 2023; 15(4): 217-02. [Persian]##Dionigi RA. Psychosocial outcomes for older adults participating in sport and physical activity. Routledge. 2024.##da Silva RP, Del Duca GF, Delevatti RS, Streb AR, Malta DC. Association between characteristics of physical activity in leisure time and obesity in Brazilians adults and elderly. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 2021; 15(1): 37-41.##Wagner-Gutiérrez N, Gonzalez SA, Rubio MA, Sánchez-Franco S, Palencia-Pérez L, Blanco M, et al. Quality of life, mental health and social relationships among older adults participating in the Recreovía physical activity community program. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2025; 24(1): 1-16.##Vahdani M, Labbaf AH. A model of institutionalization of happiness in sports science students based on the grounded theory. Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion. 2024; 7(4): 608-17. [Persian]##Babaei M, Fattahi Masrour F, Shakeri N. Qualitative sports development model for all in iran by grounded theory. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports. 2020; 19(49): 95-112. [Persian]##Bartlo P, Karnes M. Promoting physical health: older adults. In: Interprofessional perspectives for community practice. 1st ed. Routledge; 2024. p. 97-120.##Esmaeili M, Shirvani T, Rezaei S, Afshari M. Developing sociopathological model for leisure time planning with physical activity approach in Tehran province. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports. 2022; 21(56): 275-94. [Persian]##Aguome NM, Ewurum NI, Ifeanacho KP, Abaa-Okorie LC, Ugwu CG. Public recreational facilities as catalyst for urban aging-in-place decision in developing countries. Cities. 2024; 155: 105448.##Levinger P, Mcconaghy R, Dreher B, James L, Fearn M, McKenna T, et al. Recreational spaces: how best to design and cater for older people’s safe engagement in physical activity. Journal of Population Ageing. 2025; 18(3): 525-52.##Tanaka T, Akishita M, Kojima T, Son BK, Iijima K. Medical care priorities of community‐dwelling older adults according to three dimensions of quality of life: Quality of daily living, satisfaction and happiness from birth to death, and human vitality. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2024; 24(5): 493-8.##Ghasempour L, Hoseini FS, Soleymani M, Ahmadi M. Effects of physical fitness exercise, mental exercise and mindfulness exercise on static and dynamic balance in elderly women. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017; 12(2): 180-91. [Persian]##Ebrahimi Z, Esmaeilzadeh Ghandehari MR, Veisi K. The effect of physical activity based on intergenerational programs on the quality of life of older adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020; 14(4): 406-21. [Persian]##Su Y, Zhang X, Xuan Y. Linking neighborhood green spaces to loneliness among elderly residents—A path analysis of social capital. Cities. 2024; 149: 104952.##Dehghani AA, Karami M, Rezaeipandari H, Jambarsang S, Rahmati Andani M. Effectiveness of physical activity educational program based on self-regulatory theory on the quality of life among the elderly. The Journal of Tolooebehdasht. 2022; 20(6): 58-72. [Persian]##Hamdami Khotbesara S, Doroudian AA, Moshir Estekhareh ZS, Rezayan Ghayehbashi A. Structural analysis of key factors affecting the future status of elderly exercise in Iran. Sport Management Studies. 2021; 12(64): 57-90. [Persian]##Ammar A, Bouaziz B, Trabelsi K, Glenn J, Zmijewski P, Müller P, et al. Applying digital technology to promote active and healthy confinement lifestyle during pandemics in the elderly. Biology of Sport. 2021; 38(3): 391-6.##Jeong EH, Park JH. The Relationship among leisure activities, depression and quality of life in community-dwelling elderly Koreans. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2020; 6: 1-7.##Lee M, Lee SJ, Robinson SR, Parrott KR. Relationship between physical activity levels and perceived residential environment for rural older adults. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 21(3): 1317-24.##Parums DV. Editorial: Review Articles, Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analysis, and the Updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Guidelines. Medical Science Monitor. 2021; 27: 1-3.##Ghaferi AA, Schwartz TA, Pawlik TM. STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies. JAMA Surgery. 2021; 156(6): 577-8.##Merkow RP, Kaji AH, Itani KM. The CONSORT framework. JAMA Surgery. 2021; 156(9): 877-8.##Chrick A, Hemmati A, Naderynasab M. Leisure foresight of the elderly based on the physical activity approach (layered causal analysis method). Journal of Iran Futures Studies. 2023; 8(1): 254-82.##DehestaniArdekani M. The relationship between quality of life and general health of the elderly participating in recreational sports in Tehran. Proceedings of The first National Sports Science Conference with the Approach of Public Sports. 2023. Ardabil: 2023[Persian]##Zarei M, Ghasemi H, Nikbakhsh R. Comparative study of recreational sports activities for the elderly in Germany and Iran based on the brady model. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022; 29(8): 187-98. [Persian]##Lin M. Leisure innovation for older adults in urban china: application and reexamination of leisure innovation theory. Leisure Sciences. 2024; 46(1): 82-100.##Liang C, Wu PL, Lee PF, Ho CC. Association of regular leisure-time physical activity with happiness among middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15): 1-10.##Stránská M, Jandová Z, Krejčí M. Verification of the four-week intervention program “life in balance” in a selected group of seniors in the online environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Salus Vitae. 2021; 9(1): 25-34.##Williyanto S, Kusmaedi N, Sumardiyanto S, Nugroho WA. Relationship between sex, age, body mass index, and physical fitness with elderly participation. ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation. 2021; 10(1): 5-10.##Paudel S, Owen AJ, Smith BJ. Socio-ecological influences of leisure-time physical activity among Nepalese adults: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1): 1-11.##Fong JH. Leisure-time physical activity and its correlates in a multi-ethnic sample of adults over age 50 in Singapore. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1): 1-8.##Yu J, Yang C, Zhang S, Zhai D, Wang A, Li J. The effect of the built environment on older men′ s and women′ s leisure-time physical activity in the mid-scale city of jinhua, china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3): 1-12.##Yu T, Maozhen F, Bingzheng Z, Lijuan F, Hongdao M, Xin L, et al. Neighbourhood built environment and leisure-time physical activity: A cross-sectional study in southern China. European Journal of Sport Science. 2021; 21(2): 285-92.##Yuan KS, Wu TJ. Environmental stressors and well-being on middle-aged and elderly people: the mediating role of outdoor leisure behaviour and place attachment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021.##Lee EL, Ko MH, Shin MJ, Lee BJ, Jung DH, Han KS, et al. The effect of convergence gamification training in community-dwelling older people: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2022; 23(3): 373-8.##Buchem I, Vorwerg S, Stamm O, Hildebrand K, Bialek Y. Gamification in mixed-reality exergames for older adult patients in a mobile immersive diagnostic center: a pilot study in the BewARe project. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN); 2021; Eureka, CA, USA. 2021. p.1-8.##Brauner P, Ziefle M. Social acceptance of serious games for physical and cognitive training in older adults residing in ambient assisted living environments. Journal of Public Health. 2022; 30(1): 63-75.##Jahouh M, González-Bernal JJ, González-Santos J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Soto-Cámara R, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Impact of an intervention with Wii video games on the autonomy of activities of daily living and psychological–cognitive components in the institutionalized elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health. 2021; 18(4): 1-14.##Chung W, Genoe MR, Pattara T, Samara S, and Liechty T. The ups and downs of older adults’ leisure during the pandemic. World Leisure Journal. 2021; 63(3): 301-15.##Liu Z, Kemperman A, Timmermans H, Yang D. Heterogeneity in physical activity participation of older adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Transport Geography. 2021; 92: 102999.##Chen L, Procter-Gray E, Le Q, LoPilato D, Ferretto M, Kane K, et al. Gender differences in the associations of recreational walking with indoor and outdoor falls among older adults-the Healthy Aging and Neighborhood Study (HANS). AIMS Public Health. 2025; 12(1): 185-201.##Kilgour AH, Rutherford M, Higson J, Meredith SJ, McNiff J, Mitchell S, et al. Barriers and motivators to undertaking physical activity in adults over 70—a systematic review of the quantitative literature. Age and Ageing. 2024; 53(4): 1-16.##Zhou F, Zhang H, Wang HY, Liu LF, Zhang XG. Barriers and facilitators to older adult participation in intergenerational physical activity program: A systematic review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2024; 36(1): 1-19.##Kuo CM, Wang CH, Tseng CY, Lo YC. Exploring sustainable leisure farm with intelligent of things (iot) technology solution for aging. Sustainability. 2024; 16(15): 1-18.## ##

Exploring New Medical Trends in Geriatrics Research in Iran from 2012 to 2024 2 2 Introduction: Quantitative evaluation of scientific output across countries and research domains provides critical insights into research trends, identifies knowledge gaps, and facilitates alignment of research efforts with strategic policy objectives. This study employs scientometric analysis to characterize the research landscape of geriatrics in Iran, including temporal trends, dominant research themes, prolific contributors, and influential publication venues. Methods: This applied scientometric study employed bibliometric analysis and network mapping techniques. The study population comprised all Iranian scientific publications indexed in Scopus in the geriatrics field between 2012 and 2024. Articles were systematically retrieved from the Scopus database using a standardized search strategy, analyzed using VOSviewer software 1.6.2, and visualized through co-authorship and co-occurrence network maps. Results: A total of 50,496 records were retrieved. Azizi emerged as the most prolific author (n=614). Larijani demonstrated the strongest collaborative network with 284 co-authorship connections. The Epidemiology Research Center of the University of Tehran was the most productive institution (851 instances; 404 collaborations), followed by the Gastroenterology Research Center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences as a key contributor to contemporary geriatrics research. International collaboration analysis revealed that the United States and the United Kingdom were the most frequent research partners with Iranian institutions. PLOS ONE was the highest-impact publication venue for geriatrics research by this cohort, with 8,103 citations. Conclusion: Research clustering analysis identified priority research themes that have attracted sustained attention within the geriatrics community. Strategic collaboration with high-productivity institutions and international partners may enhance publication visibility and research impact in geriatrics. These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for directing future research priorities and fostering international partnerships in Iranian geriatrics research.   86 95 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/31 1403/3/11 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/17 1404/9/26 Mitra Zarei Mitra Zarei Medical Sciences Education Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan Medical Sciences Education Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran khademrm@mums.ac.ir Mahdieh Shamsi Mahdieh Shamsi Medical Sciences Education Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Geriatrics Scientometrics Bibliometrics Scientific Visualization Research Trends Oladinrin O, Gomis K, Jayantha WM, Obi L, Rana MQ. Scientometric analysis of global scientific literature on aging in place. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23): 1-16.##Mohamadi S, Yazdani Charati J, Mousavi Nasab Sayyed N. Factors affecting Iran’s population aging, 2016. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 27 (155): 71-8. [Persian]##Wang J, Liang Y, Cao S, Cai P, Fan y. Application of artificial intelligence in geriatric care: bibliometric analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2023; 25: e46014##Neto LSS, Rosa TdS, Freire MD, Correa HdL, Pedreira RC, Dias FCF, et al. Geriatric and gerontology research: a scientometric investigation of open access journal articles indexed in the Scopus Database. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research. 2023; 27(3): 183-91.##Zhang Y, Gu Z, Xu Y, He M, Gerber BS, Wang Z, et al. Global scientific trends in healthy aging in the early 21st century: A data-driven scientometric and visualized analysis. Heliyon. 2024; 10(1): 23405.##MG S, H E. Research on geriatric health care in BRICS countries: A scientometric investigation of open access journal articles indexed in Scopus Database. American Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2021; 4(1): 1-5.##Ramin S, Soheilian M, Habibi G, Ghazavi R, Gharebaghi R, Heidary F. Age-related macular degeneration: a scientometric analysis. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation Ophthalmology Journal. 2015; 4(2): 39-49.##Morel CM, Serruya SJ, Penna GO, Guimaraes R. Co-authorship network analysis: a powerful tool for strategic planning of research, development and capacity building programs on neglected diseases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2009; 3(8): e501.##Singh VK, Banshal SK, Singhal K, Uddin A. Scientometric mapping of research on ‘Big Data’. Scientometrics. 2015; 105: 727-41.##Van Eck NJ, Waltman L. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. scientometrics. 2010; 84(2): 523-38.##Jiang J, Yang M. Scientometric analysis of geriatrics education. Chinese Journal of Medical Education Research. 2020; 12: 777-82.## ##

Comparative Efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Schema Therapy for Irrational Beliefs and Death Anxiety in Elderly Women: A Randomized Study 2 2 Introduction: Irrational beliefs and death anxiety are prevalent psychological concerns among elderly women, significantly impacting their mental well-being and quality of life. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Schema Therapy (ST) in reducing these psychological constructs in elderly women. Methods: This randomized controlled trial utilized a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with two experimental groups and one control group. In 2023, 45 elderly women from Sabzevar, Iran, were selected via convenience sampling and then randomly assigned into three groups (ACT, ST, or waiting-list control), each with 15 participants. The ACT and ST groups received 8 weekly, 90-minute intervention sessions following standardized protocols, while the control group received no immediate intervention. Data were collected using the Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire and Collett–Lester Fear of Death Scale. Repeated measures ANOVA, followed by post-hoc tests, was conducted using SPSS (version 27). Results: Both ACT and ST significantly reduced irrational beliefs (ACT: η² = 0.77; ST: η² = 0.75) and death anxiety (ACT: η² = 0.77; ST: η² = 0.76) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between the two interventions. Conclusion: ACT and ST are effective interventions for reducing irrational beliefs and death anxiety in elderly women, highlighting their value in enhancing psychological well-being in this population.   96 103 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/13 1404/4/22 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/1 1404/9/10 Mitra Mazinani Mitra Mazinani Department of Counseling, Ahv.C., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Kobra Kazemian Moghaddam Kobra Kazemian Moghaddam Department of Psychology, Dez.C., Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran Iran kkazemianmoghaddam@gmail.com Masoud Shahbazi Masoud Shahbazi Department of Counseling, MaS.C., Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleiman, Iran Iran Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Schema Therapy Irrational Beliefs Death Anxiety Aging Puyané M, Chabrera C, Camón E, Cabrera E. Uncovering the impact of loneliness in ageing populations: a comprehensive scoping review. BMC Geriatrics. 2025; 25(1): 244.##Bahrami Taghanaki P, Mosa Farkhani E, Nourbakhsh S, Srakhosh M. Health-related quality of life and gender differences in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Elderly Health Journal. 2024; 10(2): 97-103.##Krobisch V, Gebert P, Gül K, Schenk L. Women bear a burden: gender differences in health of older migrants from Turkey. European Journal Ageing. 2021; 18(4): 467-78.##Ozluk A, Oner C, Cetin H, Simsek EE. The frequency of psychological symptoms in the elderly: a cross-sectional field study in Istanbul, Turkey. Elderly Health Journal. 2023; 9(2): 59-63.##Turner MJ. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), irrational and rational beliefs, and the mental health of athletes. Frontires in Psychology. 2016; 7: 1-16.##Basharpoor S, Hoseinikiasari ST, Soleymani E, Massah O. The role of irrational beliefs and attitudes to death in quality of life of the older people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(3): 260-71.##Hajatpour R, Rashidi HH. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on irrational beliefs and death attitude in the elderly. Aging Psychology. 2021; 7(1): 54-43.##Ahmadimajd R. Emotion regulation mediates the associations of loneliness and empathy with death anxiety in the elderly. Elderly Health Journal. 2024; 10(1): 27-34.##Tadi A, Gheibizadeh M, Ghanbari Chah Anjiri S. Death anxiety and associated factors in the hospitalized and non-hospitalized elderly with chronic diseases in Ahvaz. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care. 2022; 11(4): 1-6.##Officer A, Prina M, Badache A, Broers B, Gnanapragasam S, Pautex S. Factors associated with attitudes toward death and dying in the second half of life: A scoping review. Death Studies. 2025; 50(1): 53-66.##Morowatisharifabad MA, Mozaffari F, Jambarsang S, Bidaki R. Social Support, body image, and death anxiety in later life: A cross-sectional study in Yazd City, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2024; 10(1): 20-6.##Anusuya SP, Gayatridevi S. Acceptance and commitment therapy and psychological well-being: a narrative review. Cureus. 2025; 17(1): 1-7.##Petkus AJ, M A, Wetherell JL. Acceptance and commitment therapy with older adults: rationale and considerations. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2013; 20(1): 47-56.##Noorali Z, Khakpour R, Jahangir PA. Comparison of the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy and emotion-focused therapy on mental vitality in caregivers of elderly parents. Elderly Health Journal. 2024; 10(2): 111-21.##Ye L, Li Y, Deng Q, Zhao X, Zhong L, Yang L. Acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis on psychological outcomes and quality of life. PLoS One. 2024; 19(6): 1-25.##Delhom I, Mateu-Mollá J, Lacomba-Trejo L. Is acceptance and commitment therapy helpful in reducing anxiety symptomatology in people aged 65 or over? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 1-13.##Fassbinder E, Arntz A. Schema therapy. In: Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapy: Overview and approaches, Vol 1. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2021. p. 493-537.##Thimm JC. The higher-order structure of early maladaptive schemas: A meta-analytical approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 1-14.##Zhang K, Hu X, Ma L, Xie Q, Wang Z, Fan C, et al. The efficacy of schema therapy for personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2023; 77(7): 641-50.##Khasho DA, van Alphen SPJ, Ouwens MA, Arntz A, Heijnen-Kohl SMJ, Videler AC. The effectiveness of individual schema therapy in older adults with borderline personality disorder: A multiple-baseline case series design. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2023; 30(6): 1313-23.##van Donzel L, Ouwens MA, van Alphen SPJ, Bouwmeester S, Videler AC. The effectiveness of adapted schema therapy for cluster C personality disorders in older adults - integrating positive schemas. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2021; 21: 1-6.##Cash TF. The Irrational Beliefs Test: its relationship with cognitive-behavioral traits and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1984; 40(6): 1399-405.##Kazemi M, Haghparast A, Jafari F, Neisi Malihekabusi L. The relationship between irrational beliefs and quality of life in schizophrenic patients. Clinical Schizophrenia Related Psychoses. 2021; 15(4): 1-4.##Lester D. The Collett-Lester fear of death scale: The original version and a revision. Death Studies. 1990; 14(5): 451-68.##Dadfar M, Lester D. The Farsi translation, reliability and validity of the Death Concern Scale. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherpy. 2018; 40(2): 114-25.##Ziaee A, Nejat H, Amarghan HA, Fariborzi E. Existential therapy versus acceptance and commitment therapy for feelings of loneliness and irrational beliefs in male prisoners. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2021; 32(1): 1-9.##Malmir T, Jafari H, Ramezanalzadeh Z, Heydari J. Determining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (act) on life expectancy and anxiety among bereaved patients. Materia Socio-Medical. 2017; 29(4): 242-6.##Soleimani M, Rostami H, Ameri MA, Ghasemi S. The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on irrational beliefs and body image of women with body deformity disorder. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2024; 46(2): 217-25. [Persian]## ##

Effects of a COPE-Based Intervention on Resilience and Health Outcomes in Caregivers of Elderly with Diabetes: A Protocol Study 2 2 Introduction: Caring for older adults with type 2 diabetes presents multiple physical and psychological challenges that can impact the quality of life of family caregivers. The Creativity, Optimism, Planning, Expert Information (COPE) model, with a focus on comprehensive education and support, have the potential to improve resilience, health literacy, and better illness perception. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program based on the COPE model on resilience, health literacy, illness perception, and quality of life of family caregivers of elderly people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocol with a pre-test and post-test design. The target population consists of family caregivers of elderly people with type 2 diabetes referring to health centers affiliated with Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. The sample size will be 45 participants in each group (intervention and control), totaling 90 participants. The study will be conducted in two phases: first, designing an educational-support program based on the COPE model through a review of literature and expert panel opinions; and second, implementing the program, which includes a pre-test, delivering the intervention (through in-person sessions, telephone follow-ups, and WhatsApp support), and conducting post-test assessments immediately and three months after the intervention. Data will be collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the TOFHLA Health Literacy Questionnaire, the Illness Perception Questionnaire, and the SF36 Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data analysis will be performed using SPSS-23 software. Conclusion: This protocol outlines the methodology for a randomized controlled trial that will evaluate the efficacy of a COPE model-based intervention. If proven effective, this structured program can serve as a practical and replicable framework in healthcare systems to support family caregivers of elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes, potentially enhancing their resilience, health literacy, and overall quality of life.   104 111 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/22 1404/4/31 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/17 1404/8/26 Shirin Madadkar Dehkordi Shirin Madadkar Dehkordi Department of Nursing, Shk.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shk.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohrehkarimian68@gmail.com COPE Model Resilience Health Literacy Illness Perception Quality of Life Aged Zhou L, Tang J, Bai JJ, Ming Y. 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Subjective Life Expectancy and Cognitive Functioning among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Thailand: Results of a Longitudinal National Survey in 2017-2022 2 2 Introduction: Longitudinal studies on the association between subjective life expectancy (SLE) and cognitive functioning are scarce, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the association between SLE and cognitive functioning longitudinally. Methods: Health, aging, and retirement in Thailand (HART) provided longitudinal national data with n = 6747 from 2017 (wave 2) to 2022 (wave 4). HART includes questions on (1) General Information; (2) Family and Support; (3) Health Status; (4) Work Status; (5) Income and Expenditure; (6) Asset and Debt; (7) Life Expectation; and (8) Exit Interview. SLE and cognitive functioning were assessed with established measures. The time-varying factors and results were evaluated using linear fixed effects regression. Results: Increases in SLE were associated with higher cognitive functioning. Increases in age were associated with decreases in cognitive functioning, and increases in subjective economic status were associated with increased cognitive functioning, while changes in marital status, work status, physical functioning, and physical illnesses were not associated with cognitive functioning. Conclusion: The study’s findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating, over a longitudinal period, that higher SLE was associated with higher cognitive functioning among older adults. The results of the study must be validated by additional longitudinal research using panel data techniques. 112 117 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/27 1404/6/5 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/26 1404/9/5 Karl Peltzer Karl Peltzer 1. Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Thailand kfpeltzer@gmail.com Subjective Life Expectancy Cognition Aged Thailand Anantanasuwong D. Population ageing in Thailand: critical issues in the twenty first century. Education for the Ederly in the Asia Pacific. 2021; 59: 31-56.##Kaufman ND, Chasombat S, Tanomsingh S, Rajataramya B, Potempa K. Public health in Thailand: emerging focus on non-communicable diseases. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2011; 26(3): 197–212.##Prasartkul P, Thaweesit S, Chuanwan S. Prospects and contexts of demographic transitions in Thailand. Journal of Population and Social Studies.2018; 27(1): 1–22.##National Statistical Office, Thailand. Statistical Yearbook Thailand 2024. Laksi Bangkok: National Statistical Office.##Senanarong V, Poungvarin N, Sukhatunga K, Prayoonwiwat N, Chaisewikul R, Petchurai R, et al. Cognitive status in the community dwelling Thai elderly. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2001; 84(3): 408–16.##Tantanokit T, Bosittipichet T, Leesri T. The study of prevalence and associated factors of dementia in the elderly. Siriraj Medical Journal [internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar. 12]; 73(4): 224-35. available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/247824##Van Solinge H; Henkens K. Living longer, working longer? The impact of subjective life expectancy on retirement intentions and behaviour. European Journal of Public Health. 2010; 20(1): 47–51.##Griffin B, Loh V, Hesketh B. A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy. Social Science and Medicine. 2013; 82:79–86.##Zaninotto P, Steptoe A. Association between subjective well-being and living longer without disability or illness. JAMA Network Open. 2019; 2(7): e196870.##Deeg DJH, Timmermans EJ, Kok AAL. Capturing subjective age, subjective life expectancy, and their links with older adults' health: the Dutch longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Journal of Aging and Health. 2021; 33(7-8): 633–44.##Kim JH, Kim JM. Subjective life expectancy is a risk factor for perceived health status and mortality. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2017; 15(1): 1-7.##Hoppmann CA, Infurna FJ, RamN, Gerstorf D. Associations among individuals' perceptions of future time, individual resources, and subjective well-being in old age. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2017; 72(3): 388–99.##Lee K, Hong G, Martin P. Effects of older adults’ subjective life expectancy on social relationships and well-being. Innovation in Aging. 2017; 1(suppl_1): 1163–4.##Sohn M, Che X, Park HJ. Effects of future subjective expectations on cognitive decline and dementia among middle-aged and older adults. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(5): 1-15.##Brüderl J, Ludwig V. 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Sociodemographic, lifestyle and psychological factors associated with healthy ageing in a national longitudinal study of middle-aged and older adults in Thailand. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2025; 30(6): 1069-82.##Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Anantanasuwong D. Prevalence, correlates, and health indicators associated with meal-skipping among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand: A national longitudinal study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2024; 24(11): 1196-202.##Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Self-rated physical and mental health among older adults 80 years and older: cross-sectional results from a National community sample in Thailand. BMC Public Health. 2023; 23(1): 1-9.##Katz S, Ford AB, Heiple KG, Newill VA. Studies of illness in the aged: Recovery after fracture of the hip. Journal of Gerontology. 1964; 19(3): 285-93.##Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1994; 10(2): 77-84.##Schnittker J, Bacak V. The increasing predictive validity of self-rated health. PLoS One. 2014; 9(1): 1-11.##Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Susilowati IH. Cognitive functioning and associated factors in older adults: results from the Indonesian family life survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014-2015. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research. 2019; 2019: 4527647.##Aarsland V, Borda MG, Aarsland D, Garcia-Cifuentes E, Anderssen SA, Tovar-Rios DA, et al. Association between physical activity and cognition in Mexican and Korean older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2020; 89:1-15.##Lam LC, Ong PA, Dikot Y, Sofiatin Y, Wang H, Zhao M, et al. Intellectual and physical activities, but not social activities, are associated with better global cognition: a multi-site evaluation of the cognition and lifestyle activity study for seniors in Asia (CLASSA). Age and Ageing. 2015; 44(5): 835–40.##Oliveira JJ, Ribeiro A GSV, de Oliveira Silva JA, Barbosa CGR, Silva ASE, Dos Santos GM, et al. Association between physical activity measured by accelerometry and cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review. Aging & Mental Health. 2023; 27(11): 2089–101.##Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age and Ageing. 2008; 37(5): 505–12.##Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, Bulpitt C. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatrics. 2008; 8: 36.##Mehta K, Thandavan SP, Mohebbi M, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Walder K, et al. 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Presenting a Structural Model of Psychological Health of the Elderly Based on Loneliness, Death Thoughts, and Rumination: Testing the Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence 2 2 Introduction: The present study aimed to propose a structural model of psychological well-being among older adults based on the components of loneliness, death thought, and rumination, with a focus on the mediating role of spiritual intelligence. Methods: This research employed a descriptive, quantitative, and correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all older adults in the city of Khoy in 2025, from which 200 participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale – Short Form (RPWB-SF), Death Thought Questionnaire (DTQ), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI). Data analysis was conducted through structural equation modeling and bootstrapping techniques using SmartPLS software. Results: The findings indicated that loneliness (β = -0.40), rumination (β = -0.38), and death thought (β = -0.30) had significant negative effects on psychological well-being in older adults. Conversely, spiritual intelligence (β = 0.50) exerted both direct and indirect positive effects by mitigating the negative impacts of loneliness (β = -0.10), rumination (β = -0.13), and death thought (β = -0.11) on psychological well-being. Conclusion: These results highlight the protective role of spiritual intelligence against factors that threaten psychological well-being in older adults. Overall, the findings suggest that strengthening spiritual intelligence may serve as an effective strategy to reduce the adverse effects of loneliness, death thought, and rumination, thereby enhancing psychological well-being in this population.   118 126 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/1 1404/7/9 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/13 1404/9/22 Masoud Qorbanalipour Masoud Qorbanalipour Department of Psychology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Iran masoudqorbanalipour@gmail.com Mahdiyeh Mahjoub Mahdiyeh Mahjoub Department of Psychology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Iran mahdiye.mahjoub@gmail.com Loneliness Psychological Health Aged Rumination Spiritual Intelligence Lee G, Chulwoo K. Social isolation and mental well-being among Korean older adults: a focus on living arrangements. 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Effect of Resistance Training Volume on Muscular Strength, Stability and Mobility in Sedentary Obese Elderly Women 2 2 Introduction: There is limited knowledge regarding how different resistance training (RT) volumes affect musculoskeletal fitness adaptations. Hence, our study compared the efficacy of varied RT volumes in enhancing maximal strength, stability, and mobility among sedentary, obese older women. Methods: Thirty sedentary, obese elderly women (mean age 64.57 ± 4.50 years; mean body mass index 32.34 ± 2.69 kg/m²) participated in this experimental design and were randomly assigned to control (C), low-volume RT (LVRT), and high-volume RT (HVRT) groups. Participants in the LVRT group performed one set of each exercise, while those in the HVRT group performed three sets. Both training groups trained twice weekly for 12 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention, including the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Sharpened Romberg test (SRT), walking and stepping up/down parameters, and whole-body maximal strength.  Results: Post-training, significant enhancements in maximal strength and SRT (p = 0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively) performance were observed in both the LVRT and HVRT groups when compared to the C. Notably, the magnitude of improvement in maximal strength was greater in the HVRT than in the LVRT. Furthermore, time of TUG (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively), walking (p = 0.012 and p = 0.001, respectively), stepping up (p = 0.034 and p = 0.001, respectively), and stepping down (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively) tests all showed significant reductions in the LVRT and HVRT groups relative to the C. In addition, the time of TUG (p = 0.007), stepping up (p = 0.020), and stepping down (p = 0.001) tests, demonstrated further significant reductions in the HVRT compared to the LVRT group. Conclusion: RT improves strength, mobility in elderly obese women; higher volumes yield superior gains. These findings support HVRT incorporation to maximize functional benefits this population.   127 134 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/8 1404/7/16 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/17 1404/9/26 Hossein TaheriChadorneshin Hossein TaheriChadorneshin Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran Iran h.taheri@ub.ac.ir Esmat Rashidi Esmat Rashidi Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar, Iran Iran Nader Nokhodchi Nader Nokhodchi Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran Iran Zeinab Fattahi Zeinab Fattahi Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran Iran Resistance Training Postural Balance Muscle Strength Physical Fitness Aging Rossi AP, Bianchi L, Volpato S, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, Zamboni M, et al. Dynapenic abdominal obesity as a predictor of worsening disability, hospitalization, and mortality in older adults: results from the InCHIANTI study. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2017; 72(8): 1098-104.##Fritz NB, Juesas Á, Gargallo P, Calatayud J, Fernández-Garrido J, Rogers ME, et al. Positive effects of a short-term intense elastic resistance training program on body composition and physical functioning in overweight older women. Biological Research for Nursing. 2018; 20(3): 321-34.##Pucci G, Alcidi R, Tap L, Battista F, Mattace-Raso F, Schillaci G. Sex-and gender-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: A review of the literature. Pharmacological Research. 2017; 120: 34-42.##TaheriChadorneshin H, Fattahi Z, Rashidi E. The effect of high and low volume resistance training on quality of life and endurance in elderly women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2023; 26(4): 26-35. [Persian]##Fattahi Z, TaheriChadorneshin H, Rashidi E, Abtahi-Eivary S. Effect of two different volumes of resistance training on serum level of fibroblast growth factor-21, body fat percentage and mobility in obese elderly women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 2020; 23(10): 61-71. [Persian]##Radaelli R, Rech A, Molinari T, Markarian AM, Petropoulou M, Granacher U, et al. Effects of resistance training volume on physical function, lean body mass and lower-body muscle hypertrophy and strength in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 151 randomised trials. Sports Medicine. 2025; 55(1): 167-92.##Aartolahti E, Lönnroos E, Hartikainen S, Häkkinen A. Long-term strength and balance training in prevention of decline in muscle strength and mobility in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2020; 32(1): 59-66.##Barbalho MD, Gentil P, Izquierdo M, Fisher J, Steele J, de Azevedo Raiol R. There are no no-responders to low or high resistance training volumes among older women. Experimental Gerontology. 2017; 99: 18-26.##Ribeiro AS, Aguiar AF, Schoenfeld BJ, Nunes JP, Cavalcante EF, Cadore EL, et al. Effects of different resistance training systems on muscular strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained older women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018; 32(2): 545-53.##Marques DL, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Marques MC. Manipulating the resistance training volume in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis of the effects on muscle strength and size, muscle quality, and functional capacity. Sports Medicine. 2023; 53(2): 503-18.##de Souza Rocha JN, Pereira-Monteiro MR, Vasconcelos AB, Pantoja-Cardoso A, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Different resistance training volumes on strength, functional fitness, and body composition of older people: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2024; 119: 105303.##Antunes M, Kassiano W, Silva AM, Schoenfeld BJ, Ribeiro AS, Costa B, et al. Volume reduction: which dose is sufficient to retain resistance training adaptations in older women?. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022; 43(01): 68-76.##Cunha PM, Nunes JP, Tomeleri CM, Nascimento MA, Schoenfeld BJ, Antunes M, et al. Resistance training performed with single and multiple sets induces similar improvements in muscular strength, muscle mass, muscle quality, and IGF-1 in older women: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2020; 34(4): 1008-16.##Correa CS, Teixeira BC, Bittencourt A, Lemos L, Marques NR, Radaelli R, et al. Effects of high and low volume of strength training on muscle strength, muscle volume and lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness. 2014; 12(2): 62-7.##Radaelli R, Brusco CM, Lopez P, Rech A, Machado CL, Grazioli R, et al. Higher muscle power training volume is not determinant for the magnitude of neuromuscular improvements in elderly women. Experimental Gerontology. 2018; 110: 15-22.##Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Nascimento VC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Sousa EC, Marçal AC. Single-and multiple-set resistance training improves skeletal and respiratory muscle strength in elderly women. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2014; 9: 1775-82.##Radaelli R, Botton CE, Wilhelm EN, Bottaro M, Lacerda F, Gaya A, et al. Low-and high-volume strength training induces similar neuromuscular improvements in muscle quality in elderly women. Experimental Gerontology. 2013; 48(8): 710-6.##Radaelli R, Botton CE, Wilhelm EN, Bottaro M, Brown LE, Lacerda F, et al. 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Effects of an Eight-Week Aerobic Training Program on Plasma cPLA2 Levels in Sedentary Elderly Men 2 2 Introduction: Aging is a gradual, time-dependent process marked by a decline in physiological functions, reduced organ performance, and increased susceptibility to disease. Adopting an active lifestyle can substantially influence both the trajectory and pace of aging. Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is an enzyme involved in cell signaling and inflammation through the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an eight-week aerobic training program on plasma cPLA2 levels in sedentary elderly men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, twenty elderly men aged 60–74 years were recruited through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an aerobic training group or a control group. The training group completed an eight-week aerobic exercise program consisting of three sessions per week at 50–75% of heart rate reserve, following the principle of progressive overload. The control group did not engage in any structured physical activity. Blood samples were collected from both groups 48 hours before and after the intervention. Plasma cPLA2 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes between groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training resulted in a significant reduction in plasma cPLA2 levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that regular aerobic exercise may reduce inflammatory markers such as cPLA2 in elderly individuals and may contribute to the management of inflammation-related conditions in older age.   135 141 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/8 1404/7/16 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/30 1404/9/9 Saeideh Mehdipouryan Saeideh Mehdipouryan Department of Physical Education, Ahv.C., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran mehdi Bostani mehdi Bostani Department of Physical Education, Ahv.C., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran mehdi.boustani@iau.ac.ir Exercise Phospholipase A2 Aging Aerobic Training Singh A, Schurman SH, Bektas A, Kaileh M, Roy R, Wilson DM, et al. Aging and inflammation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2024; 14(6): 1-26.##Sun GY, Geng X, Teng T, Yang B, Appenteng MK, Greenlief CM, et al. 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The Effect of Virtual Empathy Training on Nurses' Empathy and Attitudes Toward Elderly Care 2 2 Introduction: This study evaluated the effect of virtual empathy skills training on nurses' attitudes toward elderly care. Methods: A quasi-experimental, single-group, pre-test/post-test study was conducted in 2023. Eighty-four nurses from Yazd Shohadaye Kargar Hospital were selected via purposive sampling. Over five weeks, participants received empathy skills training through a virtual group created using dedicated software and an educational brochure. Each week, participants shared their patient care experiences. The researcher facilitated discussions to challenge perspectives, provided summaries, and encouraged feedback. Data were collected via a self-report questionnaire comprising demographic items and the Jefferson Empathy Scale, administered before the intervention, immediately after, and two months post-intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Post-intervention, the mean empathy score showed a statistically significant increase from the pre-intervention score (p < 0.001). This significant improvement in empathy was maintained at the two-month follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean attitude score also increased significantly from baseline at both post-intervention assessments (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The training effectively enhanced nurses' empathy and improved their attitudes toward elderly care. Incorporating empathy training into undergraduate nursing education is therefore recommended.   142 149 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/82025/10/12 1404/7/20 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/302025/12/17 1404/9/26 Mehdi Ghafoori Mehdi Ghafoori Shohadaye Kargar Hospital, Yazd, Iran Iran fatemeh khabazzadeh fatemeh khabazzadeh Department of Nursing, Ali Ibn Abitaleb School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran Iran fatemeh.khabazadeh@yahoo.com Empathy Skills Attitude Virtual Education Aged Care Nurses Greer SL, Lynch J, Reeves A, Falkenbach M, Gingrich J, Cylus J, et al. Ageing and Health: Cambridge University Press; 2021.##Afshar PF, Asgari P, Shiri M, Bahramnezhad F. A review of the Iran's elderly status according to the census records. Galen Medical Journal. 2016; 5(1): 1-6.##Gholamzadeh S, Khastavaneh M, Khademian Z, Ghadakpour S. 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Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2014; 33(4): 229-36.##Zhang S, Liu YH, Zhang HF, Meng LN, Liu PX. Determinants of undergraduate nursing students' care willingness towards the elderly in China: Attitudes, gratitude and knowledge. Nurse Education Today. 2016; 43: 28-33.##Arani MM, Aazami S, Azami M, Borji M. Assessing attitudes toward elderly among nurses working in the city of Ilam. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2017; 4(3): 311-3.##Abreu M, Caldevilla N. Attitudes toward aging in Portuguese nursing students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 171: 961-7.##Celik SS, Kapucu S, Tuna Z, Akkus Y. Views and attitudes of nursing students towards ageing and older patients. The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2010; 27(4): 24-30.##Rathnayake S, Athukorala Y, Siop S. Attitudes toward and willingness to work with older people among undergraduate nursing students in a public university in Sri Lanka: A cross sectional study. Nurse Education Today. 2016; 36: 439-44.##Hafskjold L, Sundler AJ, Holmström IK, Sundling V, van Dulmen S, Eide H. A cross-sectional study on person-centred communication in the care of older people: the COMHOME study protocol. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(4): 1-9.##Ferri P, Rovesti S, Panzera N, Marcheselli L, Bari A, Di Lorenzo R. Empathic attitudes among nursing students: a preliminary study. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2017; 88(Suppl 3): 22-30.##Reynolds W. The measurement and development of empathy in nursing. Routledge; 2017.##Hojat M, DeSantis J, Gonnella JS. Patient perceptions of clinician’s empathy: measurement and psychometrics. Journal of Patient Eexperience. 2017; 4(2): 78-83.##Lashgari E, Vaghee S, Moonaghi HK, Vashani HB. The effect of context-based learning in psychiatric nursing internship on empathy skills with the patient of nursing students. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2018; 20(5): 299-305.##Rejeh N, Heravi KM, Foroughan M. The needs of hospitalized elderly patients: A qualitative study. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 5(1): 42-52. [Persian]##Kristensen DV, Sundler AJ, Eide H, Hafskjold L, Ruud I, Holmström IK. Characteristics of communication with older people in home care: a qualitative analysis of audio recordings of home care visits. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2017; 26(23-24): 4613-21.##Brunero S, Lamont S, Coates M. A review of empathy education in nursing. Nursing Inquiry. 2010; 17(1): 65-74.##Hamedanizadeh F, Motahedian TE, Sarhangi F, Zigheymat F. A study of attitude among nurses to nursing care of old patients. Kausar Medical Journal 2008; 13(3): 253-8. [Persian]##Tabiei Sh, Saadatjoo SA, Hoseinian Naseri SZ, Eisanejad L, Ghotbi M, Tahernia H. Nurse's knowledge and attitude towards care delivery to the aged with cardiovascular diseases. Modern Care Journal. 2010; 7(3): 41-7. [Persian]##Lovell M. Caring for the elderly: changing perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Vascular Nursing. 2006; 24(1): 22-6.##Kane GC, Gotto JL, Mangione S, West S, Hojat M. Jefferson Scale of Patient’s Perceptions of Physician Empathy: preliminary psychometric data. Croatian Medical Journal. 2007; 48(1): 81-6.##Hashemipour M, Karami M. Validity and reliability of the persian version of JSPE-HP questionnaire (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Professionals Version). Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 19(2): 201-11. [Persian]##Doherty M, Mitchell EA, O′ Neill S. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards older people in a rural population: A survey using the Kogan Scale. Nursing Research and Practice. 2011; 2011(1): 352627.##Artishedar A, Mortaga Gasemi M, Agajanjamaat M, Ghahremani Z. Attitudes toward elderly among nurses working in medical-surgical wards in Zanjan hospitals, 2012. Preventive Care in Nursing & Midwifery Journal. 2015; 4(2): 81-90 [Persian]##Lambrinou E, Sourtzi P, Kalokerinou A, Lemonidou C. Attitudes and knowledge of the Greek nursing students towards older people. Nurse Tducation Today. 2009; 29(6): 617-22.##Söderhamn O, Lindencrona C, Gustavsson SM. Attitudes toward older people among nursing students and registered nurses in Sweden. Nurse Education Today. 2001; 21(3): 225-9.##Hweidi IM, Al-Hassan MA. Jordanian nurses’ attitudes toward older patients in acute care settings. International Nursing Review. 2005; 52(3): 225-32.##Hamedanizadeh F. Motahedian Tabrizi E, Sarhangi F, Zigheymat F.A study of attitude among nurses to nursing care of old patients. Kowsar Medical Journal. 2008; 13(3): 253-8. [Persian]##Hosseini Seresht A, Nasiri Ziba N, Kermani A, Hosseini F. Assesment of nursing students and clinial nurses' attitude toward elderly care. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2006; 19(45): 57-67. [Persian]##Qorbani M, Parvaresh Masoud M, Soleimani A, Rahmani Anarki H, Ghanbari afra L, Asayesh H. Investigating attitudes towards the elderly among health center experts. 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Cognitive Style as a Predictor of Health Outcomes in Elderly Women: A Systematic Review 2 2 Introduction: Aging is generally associated with physiological and psychological changes, and older women often exhibit distinct health trajectories. Cognitive style, which includes distinct patterns of information processing such as optimism and pessimism, is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of mental and physical health. This systematic review sought to assess the predictive validity of cognitive style on various health outcomes, particularly in the older female population. Methods: Systematic review approach was employed. Major electronic databases were searched from 2010 to the present using combinations of terms related to “cognitive style,” “optimism,” “pessimism,” “older women,” and “health outcomes”. Eligible studies included longitudinal and analytical designs where cognitive style was assessed as an antecedent variable predicting later health. This study provides a qualitative synthesis of findings and does not include any quantitative statistical pooling, due to methodological heterogeneity across studies. Results: Across the reviewed literature, optimism consistently predicted healthier psychological and behavioral outcomes among older adults, particularly older women. Higher optimism was associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms, greater psychological well-being, enhanced life satisfaction, more adaptive coping strategies, and better sleep quality. Conversely, pessimism was linked to elevated psychological distress and maladaptive coping. Several studies also highlighted the role of contextual factors such as physical activity, social support, and socioeconomic conditions in shaping cognitive styles in later life. Collectively, these findings suggest that optimism may function as a protective psychological resource promoting healthier aging trajectories. Conclusion: Cognitive style serves as an important and modifiable predictor of health outcomes in older women. The findings strongly suggest that interventions focused on enhancing an optimistic style could be a valuable, non-pharmacological strategy for promoting successful aging in this population group.   150 159 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/82025/10/122025/11/22 1404/9/1 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/302025/12/172025/12/17 1404/9/26 Ramina Atashgahian Ramina Atashgahian Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran mehdi shahbazi mehdi shahbazi Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran shahbazimehdi@ut.ac.ir Reza Rostami Reza Rostami Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran Elahe Arabameri Elahe Arabameri Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran Cognitive Style Elderly Women Optimism Health Outcomes Successful Aging Amirbagloie Daryani M, Khatoon Marashi M. Feeling guilty and anxiety in the elderly: The role of existential concerns. Aging Psychology. 2021; 7.1: 41-29.‌ [Persian]##Zhao P, Xie J. Aging: a global challenge. In: Population aging and age-friendly transport in China. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 25-41.##World Health Organization. Self-care [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2015 Mar 12]. Available from: https://www.who.int##Avia MD, Vázquez C. Optimismo inteligente. Madrid: Alianza Editorial; 2011.##Seligman MEP. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2011.##Hanssen MM, Vancleef LMG, Vlaeyen JWS, Hayes AF, Schouten EGW, Peters ML. Optimism, motivational coping and well-being: evidence supporting the importance of flexible goal adjustment. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2015; 16(6): 1525–37.##Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(7): 879–89.##Hewitt AK, Foxcroft DR, MacDonald J. Multitrait–multimethod confirmatory factor analysis of the attributional style questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences. 2004; 37(7): 1483–91.##Scheier MF, Swanson JD, Barlow MA, Greenhouse JB, Wrosch C, Tindle HA. Optimism versus pessimism as predictors of physical health: a comprehensive reanalysis of dispositional optimism research. American Psychologist. 2021; 76(3): 529-48.##Shiner RL, Soto CJ, De Fruyt F. Personality assessment of children and adolescents. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology. 2021; 3: 113–37.##Craig H, Freak-Poli R, Phyo AZZ, Ryan J, Gasevic D. The association of optimism and pessimism and all-cause mortality: a systematic review. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 177: 110788.##Wojcieszek A, Kurowska A, Majda A, Kołodziej K, Liszka H, Gądek A. Relationship between optimism, self-efficacy and quality of life: a cross-sectional study in elderly people with knee osteoarthritis. Geriatrics. 2023; 8(5): 1-15.##‌Bani FH, Alizadeh AMB, Shahamfar J, Abdi B. Gender and health: analyzing the role of gender in health inequalities. Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research. 2014; 3(4): 1–29. [Persian]##Farajzadeh M, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Sayehmiri K. Health related quality of life in Iranian elderly citizens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery Logo. 2017; 5(2): 100–11.##Ryu RH, Larsen B, LaCroix A, Nguyen S, Posis AIB, Schumacher BT, et al. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with optimism and positive affect in older women. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2023; 24(2): 717–43.##Colby DA, Shifren K. Optimism, mental health, and quality of life: a study among breast cancer patients. Psychology, Health Medicine. 2013; 18(1): 10–20.##Monroe AD, Judge ST, Bass CL, Crofford LJ, Segerstrom SC. Optimism and sleep in aging women: bidirectional relationships. 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Optimism and pessimism are related to different components of the stress response in healthy older people. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2015; 98(2): 213–221.##‌Paat YF, Hope TL, Ferreira Pinto JB, Olvera Alvarez H. A bio psycho social approach to understanding optimism and pessimism in response to stress. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(10): 2671–85.##Craig H, Gasevic D, Ryan J, Owen A, McNeil J, Woods R, et al. Socioeconomic, behavioural, and social health correlates of optimism and pessimism in older men and women: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4): 1-17.##Pavey TG, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Prospective relationships between physical activity and optimism in young and mid aged women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2015; 12(7): 915–23.##Fortier MS, Morgan TL. How optimism and physical activity interplay to promote happiness. 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Comparison of Voluntary, Forced, and Water-Resistance Exercise on Hippocampal BDNF and NGF Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease 2 2 Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes impairments in memory, thinking, and behavior. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of voluntary, forced, and resistance training in water on the expression of BDNF and NGF genes in the hippocampus of mice in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Thirty male C57BL/6 mice weighing between 250-280 grams and aged over 15 months (elderly) were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1. Control, 2. Alzheimer’s disease (ALZ), 3. Voluntary training (ALZ+V-Ex), 4. Forced training (ALZ+F-Ex), and 5. Resistance training (ALZ+R-Ex). The training groups underwent their respective exercises for eight weeks, five days per week. The expression of BDNF and NGF genes was evaluated using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Tukey’s post hoc test showed a significant decrease in BDNF and NGF gene expression in the ALZ group compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Significant increases in BDNF and NGF expression were observed in the ALZ+V-Ex (p = 0.001), ALZ+F-Ex (p = 0.001), and ALZ+R-Ex (p = 0.001) groups compared to the ALZ group. Among the exercise groups, BDNF and NGF expression was significantly higher in the ALZ+V-Ex group compared to ALZ+F-Ex (p = 0.001) and ALZ+R-Ex (p = 0.001), and expression was also significantly higher in ALZ+R-Ex compared to ALZ+F-Ex (p = 0.01(. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that all three types of exercises—voluntary, forced, and water resistance training —significantly increased the expression of BDNF and NGF genes in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.   160 168 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/82025/10/122025/11/222025/09/6 1404/6/15 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/302025/12/172025/12/172025/12/23 1404/10/2 Younes baziyar Younes baziyar Department of Sport Physiology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran khosro Jalali dehkordi khosro Jalali dehkordi Department of Sport Physiology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran khosrojalali@iau.ac.ir Baharak Moradi Kelardeh Baharak Moradi Kelardeh Department of Sport Physiology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran Farzaneh Taghian Farzaneh Taghian Department of Sport Physiology, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran Seyed Ali Hosseini Seyed Ali Hosseini Department of Sport Physiology, Marv.C, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Voluntary Exercise Forced Exercise Water-Resistance Exercise Alzheimer’s BDNF NGF Kenaan N, Alshehabi Z. 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Effects of moderate-versus high-intensity swimming training on inflammatory and CD4+ T cell subset profiles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2019; 328: 60-7.##Alimoradi Z, Taghian F, Jalali Dehkordi K. The effect of linalool, cineole, beta bourbonin and aerobic exercises as protective approaches in mice with alzheimer's disease. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2023; 41(711): 148-58.##Peng Y, Chi R, Liu G, Tian W, Zhang J, Zhang R. Aerobic exercise regulates apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β signaling pathway to improve cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s disease mice. Neural Plasticity. 2022; 2022(1): 1500710.##Wan C, Shi L, Lai Y, Wu Z, Zou M, Liu Z, et al. Long-term voluntary running improves cognitive ability in developing mice by modulating the cholinergic system, antioxidant ability, and BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. Neuroscience Letters. 2024; 836(1): 137872.##Lu Y, Bu FQ, Wang F, Liu L, Zhang S, Wang G, et al. Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements of cognitive dysfunction. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2023; 12(1): 1-21.##Li WY, Gao JY, Lin SY, Pan ST, Xiao B, Ma YT, et al. Effects of involuntary and voluntary exercise in combination with Acousto-optic stimulation on adult neurogenesis in an Alzheimer's mouse model. Molecular Neurobiology. 2022; 59(5): 3254-79.##Wang H, Han J. The endocannabinoid system regulates the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in mice. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2020; 60(2):320-8.##Medhat E, Rashed L, Abdelgwad M, Aboulhoda BE, Khalifa MM, El-Din SS. Exercise enhances the effectiveness of vitamin D therapy in rats with Alzheimer’s disease: emphasis on oxidative stress and inflammation. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2020; 35(1): 111-20.##Hashiguchi D, Campos HC, Wuo-Silva R, Faber J, Gomes da Silva S, Coppi AA, et al. Resistance exercise decreases amyloid load and modulates inflammatory responses in the APP/PS1 mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020; 73(4): 1525-39.##Lee G, Kim Y, Jang JH, Lee C, Yoon J, Ahn N, et al. Effects of an exercise program combining aerobic and resistance training on protein expressions of neurotrophic factors in obese rats injected with beta-amyloid. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13): 7921.##Belviranlı M, Okudan N. Voluntary, involuntary and forced exercises almost equally reverse behavioral impairment by regulating hippocampal neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress in experimental Alzheimer’s disease model. Behavioural Brain Research. 2019; 364: 245-55.##Babaei P, Azari HB. Exercise training improves memory performance in older adults: a narrative review of evidence and possible mechanisms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2022; 15: 1-15.##Vints WA, Šeikinaitė J, Gökçe E, Kušleikienė S, Šarkinaite M, Valatkeviciene K, et al. Resistance exercise effects on hippocampus subfield volumes and biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation in older adults with low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Geroscience. 2024; 46(4): 3971-91.## ##

Association Between Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Physical Activity in Elderly Men: A Comparative Study Between Iran and Spain 2 2 Introduction: The elderly population is increasing worldwide, highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors such as nutritious eating and regular physical activity (PA). The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MDP) is recognized for its health-promoting nutritional profile. This study examines the association between MDP adherence and PA levels in elderly men from Iran and Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly individuals aged 60 years and older in Iran and Spain (n = 1200). Adherence to the MDP was evaluated using a validated Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. PA levels were assessed using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire. Additional demographic and anthropometric data—including age, sex, weight, and height—were also collected. Results: Among Iranian elderly participants, vigorous PA showed a significant positive association with adherence to the MDP (β = 0.143, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed for light (β = 0.055, p = 0.178) or moderate (β = −0.003, p = 0.934) physical activity. Among Spanish elderly participants, adherence to the MDP was significantly associated with both vigorous (β = 0.241, p < 0.001) and light (β = 0.112, p = 0.004) PA, while moderate activity showed no significant relationship (β = 0.007, p = 0.987). Conclusion: Adherence to the MDP is positively associated with higher levels of vigorous PA in elderly men from both Iran and Spain, and with light PA among Spanish participants. These findings highlight the role of lifestyle behaviors—particularly diet and PA —in shaping health-related patterns in older adults, and emphasize the importance of promoting MDP alongside regular PA. 169 175 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/82025/10/122025/11/222025/09/62025/07/7 1404/4/16 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/302025/12/172025/12/172025/12/232025/12/21 1404/9/30 Mojgan Banihashemi Mojgan Banihashemi Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Physiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Iran Marefat Siahkouhian Marefat Siahkouhian Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Physiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Iran m_siahkohian@uma.ac.ir Hadi Nobari Hadi Nobari Exercise Physiology Laboratory Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid,Spain Spain Rafael Oliveira Rafael Oliveira Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal Portugal Mediterranean Diet Physical Activity Elderly Men He W, Goodkind D, Kowal PR. 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Modeling the Quality of Life in Older Adults Based on Smartphone Use: The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support and Personality Traits 2 2 Introduction: The use of accessible technologies and their practical applications can play a significant role in helping older adults overcome physical and cognitive limitations, frustration, or the loss of active roles in life. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between smartphone use and quality of life, examining the mediating roles of personality traits and perceived social support among Iranian older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 300 older adults were selected using purposive sampling. The instruments included a researcher-developed questionnaire on smartphone use, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale for Older Adults, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Data were analyzed using SEM and multiple regression. Results: Smartphone use was significantly correlated with quality of life (p < 0.01). Regression analysis showed that perceived social support (β = 0.235, P < 0.01), emotional stability (β = 0.201, p < 0.01), and openness (β = 0.117, p < 0.05) significantly predicted quality of life among older adults. Furthermore, openness and perceived social support mediated the indirect relationship between smartphone use and quality of life. In addition, extraversion and perceived social support jointly served as combined mediators between the predictor and criterion variables. Conclusion: Smartphone use through the mediating effect of perceived social support, particularly when accompanied by the personality traits of extraversion and openness—can enhance and improve the quality of life in older adults. 176 185 2025/05/192025/07/92024/07/242024/05/312025/07/132025/07/222025/08/272025/10/12025/10/82025/10/82025/10/122025/11/222025/09/62025/07/72025/11/7 1404/8/16 2025/12/82025/11/252025/01/52025/12/172025/12/12025/11/172025/11/262025/12/132025/12/172025/11/302025/12/172025/12/172025/12/232025/12/212025/12/20 1404/9/29 Mohammad Ebrahimi Mohammad Ebrahimi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Peyman Ghalandary Peyman Ghalandary Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Mohammad Rostami Mohammad Rostami Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran m.rostami@uok.ac.ir Smartphone Quality of Life Perceived Social Support Personality Traits United Nations. World population ageing 2013 [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 2013 [cited 2025 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf##Beladi Mousavi S. The situation of the elderly in Iran [Internet] (Persian). Tehran: Statistical Centre of Iran; 2017 [cited 2025 Sep 15]. Available from: https://amar.org.ir/news/ID/1983#1608;ضعیت-سالمندان-کشور##Planning and Budget Organization. National document for the elderly of the country [Internet] (Persian). Tehran: Secretariat of the National Council of the Elderly; 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 15]. Available from: https://health.tums.ac.ir/uploads/32/2021/Feb/21/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%20%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%20%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%20%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%201%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B199.pdf##Steptoe A, Deaton A, Stone AA. Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. 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