2016 2 2 0 89

Mini Nutritional Assessment for Hospitalized Patients in King Khalid Hospital at Hail city in Saudi Arabia 2 2 Introduction: The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) has been developed to assess malnutrition in elderly and to filter those who might get benefited from early diagnosis and treatment. The objective of the present study was to examine the nutritional profile of old age hospitalized individuals through the use of the MNA in King Khalid hospital at Hail city of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Demographic data was gathered through a questionnaire and a modified version of MNA, which was translated into Arabic and applied to 100 elderly females aged ≥ 45 years to assess their nutritional status. The MNA version modified by Nestle and translated into Arabic was used to evaluate the patients for this study. The descriptive analysis of variables is shown as the average ± one standard deviation. Results: Mean age of the participants was 61.12 ± 12.4 years ranging from 45 to 92 years. The mean body mass index of total population was found to be 26.9 ± 5.2 ranging from 18.3 to 46.5 kg/m2. The assessment scores and total malnutrition score was found to be decreasing with increasing age, showing a significant inverse correlation (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the difference in the screening scores according to the age was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Because of the high prevalence of elderly patients that were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, a more detailed evaluation of nutritional status, along with a regular follow up and dietary intervention to reverse the situation, of these patients is recommended. 50 55 2016/05/2 1395/2/13 2016/07/23 1395/5/2 Rafia Bano Rafia Bano Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hail, Hail, KSA Iran Wedad Mudhi Eisa Alshammari Wedad Mudhi Eisa Alshammari Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hail, Hail, KSA Iran Aging Malnutrition Nutritional Status Nutritional Assessment Geriatric Assessment Cereda E. Mini nutritional assessment. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2012; 15(1): 29–41.##Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Baumgartner M, Garry PJ, Lauque S, Albarede JL. Relationships between nutritional markers and the mini-nutritional assessment in 155 older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2000; 48 (10): 1300–9.## Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Garry PJ, Nourhashemi F, Bennahum D, Lauque S, et al. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Nutrition. 1999; 15(2): 116–22.## Keil C, Rendon M, Rendon M, Seabolt L, Warren A, Mason L. Malnutrition. Vanderbilt Center for Human Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 2016. Available at: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/vchn. Accessed at 11 Nov 2015.## Guigoz Y, Vellas BI, Garry P. Mini Nutrition Assessment: A practical assessment tool for grading and nutrition status of elderly people. Facts and Research in Gerontology. 1994; 4(2): 15-59.## Van Nes MC, Herrmann FR, Gold G, Michel JP, Rizzoli R. Does the mini nutritional assessment predict hospitalization outcomes in older people? Age and Ageing. 2001; 30(3): 221-6.##Cohendy R, Gros T, Arnaud-Battandier F, Tran G, Plaze JM, Eledjam J. Preoperative nutritional evaluation of elderly patients: the mini nutritional assessment as a practical tool. Clinical Nutrition. 1999; 18(6): 345-8.## Guigoz Y. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature- what does it tell us? The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2006; 10(6): 466-85.## Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Mini Nutritional Assessment 1994, Revision 2009. Available from: http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents /library/events/2010-malnutrition-in-olderpeople/mna_mini_ english.pdf. Accessed at 24 Sep 2016.##Caselato-Sousa VM, Guariento ME, Crosta G, Pinto MAS, Sgarbieri VC. Using the mini nutritional assessment to evaluate the profile of elderly patients in a geriatric outpatient clinic and in long-term institutions. International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2011; 2(5): 582-87.## Lefton J, Malone A. Anthropometric assessment. In: Charney P, Malone A, editors. ADA Pocket Guide to Nutrition Assessment, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2009.## Osterkamp LK. Current perspective on assessment of human body proportions of relevance to amputees. Journal of the American##Dietetic Association. 1995; 95(2): 215-18.## Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the elderly at risk for malnutrition. the mini nutritional assessment. Clinics in Geriatric##Medicine. 2002; 18(4): 737-57.## Delacorte RR, Moriguti JC, Matos FD, Pfrimer K, Marchinil JS, Ferriolli E. Mini-nutritional assessment score and the risk for undernutrition in free-living older persons. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2004; 8(6): 531-34.##Persson MD, Brismar KE, Katzarski KS, Nordenström J, Cederholm TE. Nutritional status using mini nutritional assessment and subjective global assessment predict mortality in geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002; 50(12): 1996-2002.## Barone L, Milosavljevic M, Gazibarich B. Assessing the older person: is the MNA a more appropriate nutritional assessment tool than the SGA? The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2003; 7(1): 13- 27.##Soini H, Routasalo P, Lagström H. Characteristics of the mini-nutritional assessment in elderly home- care patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004; 58: 64-70.##Scheirlinckx K, Vellas B, Garry PJ. The MNA score in people who have aged successfully. In: Vellas B, Garry P. J, Guigoz Y, editors. Nestle Nutrition Wokshop Series Clinical & Performance Programme. Nestec Ltd. Basel; 1999.##Groot LCPG, Beck A M, Schroll M, Van Staveren W. Evaluating the DETERMINE Your nutritional health checklist and the mini nutritional assessment as tools to identify nutritional problems in elderly Europeans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998; 52(12): 877-83.## Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Elia M, Jackson AA. Prevalence of risk of undernutrition is associated with poor health status in older people in the UK. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 57(1): 69-74.##Cereda E, Valzolgher L, Pedrolli C. Mini nutritional assessment is a good predictor of functional status in institutionalised elderly at risk of malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 27 (5): 700-5.## Felix LN, Souza EM. Nutritional assessment of institutionalized elderly with different instruments. Nutrition Magazine. 2009; 22(4):##571-80.## ##

Self-Reported Oral Health and Quality of Life in the Elderly 2 2 Introduction: Given growing elderly population and high prevalence of oral and dental diseases in this age group, this study was conducted to investigate oral health status and related quality of life among older adults in Yazd located in central Iran. Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out on 210 elderly people aged ≥ 60 years under the guise of Yazd health care centers who entered the study via cluster random sampling. Oral health was assessed by DMFT index; and self-reported oral and dental health scale was also tested. Further, to measure the oral health-related quality of life, the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index was applied. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software through descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The mean score of age for the studied population was 67.22 ± 5.62 years. Of whom 60.48% were women, 79.05% were married and 42.4% were edentulous. The oral health-related quality of life mean score was 42.46 ± 5.76 (possible rang 12-60) and the DMFT index mean score was 20.33 ± 4.76. The correlation of oral health-related quality of life score with age (r = -0.213, p = 0.002) and DMFT index (r = -0.542, p < 0.001) was inversely significant. Further, that had a direct significant correlation with self-reported oral health score(r = 0.302, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Elderly people's oral health-related quality of life, self-reported oral and dental health status was not desirable. These factors have significant relationships with each other so that increase in DMFT index was associated with decrease in self-reported oral and dental health. 56 61 2016/05/22016/06/19 1395/3/30 2016/07/232016/08/2 1395/5/12 Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Department of Aging Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Jafar Ravaei Jafar Ravaei Department of Aging Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Ahmad Haerian Ahmad Haerian Social Determinants of Oral Health Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohsen Asgari Shahi Mohsen Asgari Shahi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Seyed Vahid Malekhosseini Seyed Vahid Malekhosseini Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Oral Health Quality of Life Aging Dental Health İlhan B, Çal E, Dündar N, Güneri P, Dağhan Ş. Oral health‐related quality of life among institutionalized patients after dental rehabilitation. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2015; 15(10): 1151-7.## Kotzer RD, Lawrence HP, Clovis JB, Matthews DC. Oral health-related quality of life in an aging Canadian population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2012; 10(1): 1.## Younessian F, Saffarshahroodi A, Kavand G, Dorri M, Akbarzadeh Bagheban A, Khoshnevisan MH. Oral health related quality of life among Iranian children: Part II-Condition-specific sociodental impacts attributed to dental caries and periodontal diseases. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 28(4): 225-31. [Persian]## Rebelo MA, Cardoso EM, Robinson PG, Vettore MV. Demographics, social position, dental status and oral health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Quality of Life Research. 2015; 26: 1-8.## Rabiei M, Shakiba M, Masoudirad H, Javadinia A. Dental status among urban and rural elderly of Talesh (2009). The Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 60(3): 69-75. [Persian]## Khadem P, Jabbarifar E, Maroofi V, Feiz A. The effect of using dentures in the improvement of lifestyle among the elderly population of Isfahan. Iran. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2009; 5(3): 148-55. [Persian]##Madhuri S, Hegde SS, Ravi S, Deepti A, Simpy M. Comparison of chewing ability, oral health related quality of life and nutritional status before and after insertion of complete denture amongst edentulous patients in a dental college of Pune. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2014; 24(3): 253-60.##Jaleel BF, Nagarajappa R, Mohapatra AK, Ramesh G. Risk indicators associated with tooth loss among Indian adults. Oral Health Dental Management. 2014; 13(2): 170-8.## Porter J, Ntouva A, Read A, Murdoch M, Ola D, Tsakos G. The impact of oral health on the quality of life of nursing home residents. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2015; 13(1): 2-8.##Motallebnejad M, Mottaghi K, Mehdizadeh S, Alaeddini F, Bijani A. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the general oral health assessment index (GOHAI). Caspian Journal of Dental Research. 2013; 2(1): 8-17. [Persian]## Faezi M, Rejeh N, Soukoti M. Assessment of oral health in older people referred to selected dentistry schools of universities of Tehran. 2016; 3-11. [Persian]##Jabarifar SE, Birjandi N, Khadem P, Farsam T, Falinezhad F, Javadi FM. Relationship between quality of life and oral health in 18-45 year-old subjects referring to Khorasgan school of dentistry in 2010-2011. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2012; 8(1): 68-74. [Persian]##Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH. Tooth loss and oral healthrelated quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2010; 8(1): 1-11.## Mohebbi S, Sheikhzadeh S, Bayanzadeh M, Batebizadeh A. Oral impact on daily performance (OIDP) index in patients attending patients clinic at dentistry school of Tehran university of medical sciences. Journal of Dental Medicine. 2012; 25(2): 135-41. [Persian]## Murariu A, Hanganu C, Bobu L. Evaluation of the reliability of the geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI) in institutionalized elderly in Romania: a pilot study. Oral Health and Dental Management in the Black Sea Countries. 2010 ; 9(1): 11-5.## Sischo L, Broder HL. Oral health-related quality of life what, why, how, and future implications. Journal of Dental Research. 2011; 90(11): 1264- 70.##Kavand G, Younesian F, Saffar Shahroudi A, Dorri M, Akbarzadeh Baghban A, Khoshnevisan MH. Oral health related quality of life among Iranian children: part I - validity, reliability, prevalence and severity assessment of daily impact factors. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 27(4): 187-96. [Persian]##Piuvezam G, de Lima KC. Self-perceived oral health status in institutionalized elderly in Brazil. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2012; 55(1): 5-11.##Navabi N, Salahi S. Assessment of oral health assessment index (GOHAI) validity in Iranian elderly population. Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. 2012; 9(3): 161-9. [Persian]## Deyhimi P, Eslamipour F, Naseri HA. DMFT and the effect of dental education on orodental health of dental students in Isfahan School of Dentistry. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011; 6(4): 384- 9. [Persian]## Atchison KA, Dolan TA. Development of the geriatric oral health assessment index. Journal of Dental Education. 1990; 54(11): 680-7.## Yen YY, Lee HE, Wu YM, Lan SJ, Wang WC, Du JK, et al. Impact of removable dentures on oral health-related quality of life among elderly adults in Taiwan. BMC Oral Health. 2015; 15(1):1-12.## Sánchez‐García S, Heredia‐Ponce E, Juárez‐Cedillo T, Gallegos‐Carrillo K, Espinel‐Bermúdez C, La Fuente‐Hernández D, et al. Psychometric properties of the general oral health assessment index (GOHAI) and dental status of an elderly Mexican population. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 2010; 70(4): 300-7.## Fillion M, Aubazac D, Bessadet M, Allègre M, Nicolas E. The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2013; 11(1): 1-7.## El Osta N, Hennequin M, Tubert-Jeannin S, Naaman NB, El Osta L, Geahchan N. The pertinence of oral health indicators in nutritional studies in the elderly. Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 33(2): 316-21.## Murphey CL. Exploring oral health among pregnant and parenting adolescent women: a mixed methods study: The University of Texas At Austin; 2010.## Haerian Ardakani A, Morowatisharifabad MA, Rezapour Y, Pourghayumi Ardakani A. Investigation of the relationship of oral health literacy and oral hygiene self-efficacy with selfreported oral and dental health in students. Tolooe-behdasht. 2015; 13(5): 125-40. [Persian]## Dable RA, Nazirkar GS, Singh SB, Wasnik PB. Assessment of oral health related quality of life among completely edentulous patients in western India by using GOHAI. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2013; 7(9): 2063-67.## Rodakowska E, Mierzyńska K, Bagińska J, Jamiołkowski J. Quality of life measured by OHIP-14 and GOHAI in elderly people from Bialystok, north-east Poland. BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14(1): 1-8.##Enoki K, Ikebe K, Matsuda KI, Yoshida M, Maeda Y, Thomson W. Determinants of change in oral health‐related quality of life over 7 years among older Japanese. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2013; 40(4): 252-7.## Rashidi-Maybodi F, Haerian-Ardakani A, Zarabadi Pour M, Heydari-Postakan R, Pourbaferani H. Evaluation of oral health of elderly patients referring to Khatam Olanbia clinic in Yazd in 2014. Journal of Health. 2016; 7(2): 227-35. [Persian]## Singh A, Purohit BM, Masih N. Geriatric oral health predicaments in New Delhi, India. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2016; 16(1):37-45.## ##

The Effect of Resistance Training on Plasma Hydrogen Peroxide Level in Older Women 2 2 Introduction: The prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age. Increased production of reactive oxygen species involves in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic vascular complications, and heart failure. The present study aimed to explore the effects of resistance training on plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level of ageing women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (mean age = 67.37 ± 6.02, height = 153.02 ± 8.12, weight = 65.78 ± 12.03, body mass index = 26.87 ± 4.16, body fat percent = 18.61 ± 3.65, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) = 0.92 ± 0.4) were purposefully chosen and randomly divided into control and experimental groups each consisted of 12 subjects. Experimental group did resistance training for eight weeks as follows: three sessions per week with 40% to 65% intensity of a maximum repetition and 5% overload after each 6 sessions. Before and after 8 weeks of training, resting levels of H2O2 was measured and recorded. Data were analyzed by paired- samples t-test. Results: A statistically significant decrease observed in plasma H2O2 level (p = 0.041) and also weight (p = 0.048), body fat percent (p = 0.001), WHR (p = 0.037), resting- heart- rate (p = 0.021), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.006) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.002) of participants in experimental group but there were not any statistically different in any of the variables, pre and post-test in control group. Conclusion: Resistance training may be used as an intervention program for cardiovascular risk factors reduction. 62 66 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/21 1395/4/1 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/26 1395/6/5 Alireza Behjati Ardakani Alireza Behjati Ardakani Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran Alireza Babaei Mazreno Alireza Babaei Mazreno Department of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran Mohammad Rafatifard Mohammad Rafatifard Social Determinant of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Ahmad Ghasemian Ahmad Ghasemian Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran Iran Hydrogen Peroxide Women Aging Resistance Training McGuire LC, Strine TW, Okoro CA, Ahluwalia IB, Ford ES. Healthy lifestyle behaviors among older US adults with and without disabilities, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2003. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2007; 4(1): 1-11.## Salehi L, Eftekhar H, Mohammad K, Tavafian SS, Jazayery A, Montazeri A. Consumption of fruit and vegetables among elderly people: a cross sectional study from Iran. Nutrition Journal. 2010; 9: 2.## Goetzel RZ, Shechter D, Ozminkowski RJ, Stapleton DC, Lapin PJ, McGinnis JM, et al. Can health promotion programs save Medicare money? Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2007; 2(1): 117–22.## Cai H. NAD (P) H oxidase–dependent selfpropagation of hydrogen peroxide and vascular disease. Circulation Research. 2005; 96(8): 818- 22.## Liu Y, Zhao H, Li H, Kalyanaraman B, Nicolosi AC, Gutterman DD. Mitochondrial sources of H2O2 generation play a key role in flow-mediated dilation in human coronary resistance arteries. Circulation Research. 2003; 93(6): 573-80.## Chalupsky K, Cai H. Endothelial dihydrofolate reductase: critical for nitric oxide bioavailability and role in angiotensin II uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005; 102(25): 9056-61.## Landmesser U, Dikalov S, Price SR, McCann L, Fukai T, Holland SM, et al. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003; 111(8): 1201-9.## McNally JS, Davis ME, Giddens DP, Saha A, Hwang J, Dikalov S, et al. Role of xanthine oxidoreductase and NAD (P) H oxidase in endothelial superoxide production in response to oscillatory shear stress. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003; 285(6): 2290-7.## Belkhiri A, Richards C, Whaley M, McQueen SA, Orr FW. Increased expression of activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 by human endothelial cells after sublethal H2O2 exposure. Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1997; 77(5): 533-9.##Zafari AM, Ushio-Fukai M, Akers M, Yin Q, Shah A, Harrison DG, et al. Role of NADH/NADPH oxidase–derived H2O2 in angiotensin II–induced vascular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1998; 32(3): 488-95.##Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993; 25(2): 218-24.##Tribble DL, Gong EL, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW, Carlson EL, Verstuyft JG, et al. Fatty streak formation in fat-fed mice expressing human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997; 17(9): 1734-40.## Clapp BR, Hingorani AD, Kharbanda RK, Mohamed-Ali V, Stephens JW, Vallance P, et al. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction involves reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and increased oxidant stress. Cardiovascular Research. 2004; 64(1): 172-8.##Stadtman ER. Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: biochemical mechanism and biological consequences. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1990; 9(4): 315-25.## Williams M. Nutrition for health, fitness and sport. Mc Craw Hill. 6th ed. 2002.##Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Jesmin S, Otsuki T, Miyauchi T. Exercise training improves aginginduced downregulation of VEGF angiogenic signaling cascade in hearts. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006; 291(3): 1290-8.## Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Lhullier FL, Correa CS, Alberton CL, Pinto SS, et al. Physiological effects of concurrent training in elderly men. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 31(10): 689-97.## Ross, R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993; 362: 801–9.## Hu Z, Chen J, Wei Q, Xia Y. Bidirectional actions of hydrogen peroxide on endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation and function co-commitment and interplay of Akt and Ampk. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2008; 283(37): 25256-63.## Labinskyy N, Csiszar A, Orosz Z, Smith K, Rivera A, Buffenstein R, et al. Comparison of endothelial function, O2− and H2O2 production, and vascular oxidative stress resistance between the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat, and mice. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006; 291(6): 2698-704.## Ochoa L, Waypa G, Mahoney JR, Rodriguez L, Minnear FL. Contrasting effects of hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide on endothelial permeability: prevention with cAMP drugs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 156(4): 1247-55.## Lauer N, Suvorava T, Rüther U, Jacob R, Meyer W, Harrison DG, et al. Critical involvement of hydrogen peroxide in exercise induced upregulation of endothelial NO synthase. Cardiovascular Research. 2005; 65(1): 254-62.## Young LH, Chen Q, Weis MT. Direct Measurement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or Nitric Oxide (NO) release: A powerful tool to assess real-time free radical production in biological models. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2011; 3(1): 40-8.## Taylor RP, Ciccolo JT, Starnes JW. Effect of exercise training on the ability of the rat heart to tolerate hydrogen peroxide. Cardiovascular Research. 2003; 58(3): 575-81.## Lee KS, Kim SR, Park SJ, Park HS, Min KH, Lee MH, et al. Hydrogen peroxide induces vascular permeability via regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2006; 35(2): 190-7.##Cho M, Hunt TK, Hussain MZ. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates macrophage vascular endothelial growth factor release. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2001; 280(5): 2357-63.## ##

The Association between Spiritual Health and Blood Sugar Control in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 2 2 Introduction: Spirituality is taken deeply into consideration as a part of health because of its role in the control of chronic diseases and its importance in determination of life purpose in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the association between spiritual health and blood sugar control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes from 10 rural health centers of Urmia city, north west of Iran. These patients were selected by cluster random sampling. Data were collected by Spiritual Well-Being Scale of Paloutzian and Ellison. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure blood sugar control status of diabetic patients. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software. Results: The spiritual health score in 43% of the elderly with diabetes was moderate and 57 % had high spiritual health level. There was statistically significant relationship between spiritual health and gender, age, education, occupation and economic status. The results also showed that there was no significant correlation between spiritual health and its subdomains with HbA1c (r = 0.07). Conclusion: In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between spiritual health scores in patients with uncontrolled and controlled blood sugar. It is suggested to conduct case-control study with larger sample size on factors affecting blood sugar control. 67 72 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/212016/07/19 1395/4/29 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/262016/09/28 1395/7/7 Moradali Zareipour Moradali Zareipour Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Zahra Khazir Zahra Khazir Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Rohollah Valizadeh Rohollah Valizadeh Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Hassan Mahmoodi Hassan Mahmoodi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran Spiritual Health Blood Glucose Aged Diabetes Mellitus Ian SM, James RG, Beverly MS, Warwick R, Jill S, Dhigna R, et al. A cost effectiveness study of integrated care in health services delivery: a diabetes program in Australia. BMC Health Services Research. 2008; 8(205): 1-11.##LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, editors. Diabetes mellitus: a fundamental and clinical text. 3rd ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia: USA; 2004.##Amini M, Parvaresh E. Prevalence of macro- and micro vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran: a systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2009; 83(1): 18-25.##Esteghamati A, Gouya MM, Abbasi M, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Alaedini F, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the adult population of Iran national survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(1): 96-8.## Herrman H, Saxena S, Moodie R. Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, and practice: a report of the world health organization, department of mental health, and substance abuse in collaboration with the victorian health promotion foundation and the university of Melbourne. Geneva World Health Organization; 2005.## Alahbakhshian M, Jafarpour Alavi M, Parvizi S, Haghani H. A Survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 12 (3): 29-45. [Persian]## Jerrold S Greenberg. Comprehensive Stress Management. 10th ed. New York: William R. Glass; 2006.## Zareipour M, Abdolkarimi M, Asadpour M, Dashti S, Askari F. The relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy in pregnant women referred to rural health centers of Uremia in 2015. Community Health Journal. 2016; 10 (2): 52-61. [Persian]## Whelan-Gales M, Quinn Griffin M, Maloni J, Fitzpatrick J. Spiritual well-being, spiritual practices, and depressive symptoms among elderly patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2009; 30(5): 312-17.## You KS, Lee HO, Fitzpatrick JJ, Kim S, Marui E, Lee JS, et al. Spirituality, depression, living alone, and perceived health among Korean older adults in the community. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2009; 23(4): 309-22.##Arcury TA, Stafford JM, Bell RA, Golden SL, Snively BM, Quandt SA. The association of health and functional status with private and public religious practice among rural, ethnically diverse, older adults with diabetes. Journal of Rural Health. 2007; 23(3): 246-53.## Campbell JD, Yoon DP, Johnstone B. Determining relationships between physical health and spiritual experience, religious practices, and congregational support in a heterogeneous medical sample. Journal of Religious Health. 2010; 49(1): 3-17.## Shahdadi H, Dindar M, Mohammad Pour Hodki R, Sadegh S, Masinaei Nezhad N. The relationship between spiritual health and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing. 2015; 3 (2): 43-52. [Persian]##Newlin K, Melkus GD, Tappen R, Chyun D, Koenig HG. Relationships of religion and spirituality to glycemic control in black women with type 2 diabetes. Nursing research. 2008; 57(5): 331-9.##Nejati Safa A, Larijani B, Shariati B, Amini H, Rezagholizadeh A. Depression, quality of life and glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2007; 7 (2): 195-204.## Barati S. Assessment simple and multiple relationships between self-esteem and selfEfficacy and academic performance of students in the third year of the new system of secondary city of Ahvaz [MSc thesis]. Ahvaz: University of Chamran; 2000. [Persian]##Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, PrenticeDunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers R. The self-efficacy scale: construction and validation. Psychological Reports. 1982; 51 (2): 663-67.## Jadidi A, Farahaninia M, Janmohammadi S, Haghani H. The relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life among elderly people residing in Kahrizak senior house. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2011; 24(72): 48-56. [Persian]##Seyed Fatemi N, Rezaei M, Givari A, Hosseini F. Prayer and spiritual well-being in cancer patients .Payesh. 2006; 5(4): 295-303. [Persian]## Khalili Z, Sadrollahi A, Nazari R. Factors related and spiritual well-being among elderly referring to city parks of Khalkhal. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2016; 10 (4): 127-35. [Persian]##Sadrollahi A, Khalili Z. Spiritual well-being and associated factors among the elderly population in Kashan. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2015; 1 (2): 94-104. [Persian]## Kandasamy A, Chaturvedi SK, Desai G. Spirituality, distress, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Indian Journal of Cancer. 2011; 48(1): 55-9.## Saydshohadai M, Heshmat S, Seidfatemi N, Haghani H, Mehrdad N. The spiritual health of seniors living in sanitarium and home residents. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2013; 26 (81): 11-20. [Persian]##Lynch CP, Hernandez-Tejada MA, Strom JL, Egede LE. Association between spirituality and depression in adults with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator. 2012; 38(3): 427-35.## Heidari S, Raisi M, Ahmari- Tehran H, KhoramiRad A. Relationship between religious activities and spiritual health with glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2013; 26(81): 78-87. [Persian]##Ramezankhani A, Ghaedi M, Hatami H, Taghdisi MH. Association between spiritual health and quality of life in patient with type 2 diabetes in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical sciences. 2014; 18(3): 229-37. [Persian]## ##

Status of Daily Living Activities among Older People in Maku 2 2 Introduction: One of the most popular methods for evaluating old people’s health condition is to assess their functional practice. The aim of this study was to assess the status of daily living activities among the older people of Maku, Iran. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was accomplished among 216 older people in Maku via simple random sampling. Participant’s subjective and demographic information were gathered and their daily living activities status was measured by the Katz index. Results: The participants' mean age was 70.09 ± 7.98. Most of the elderlies were men (59.3%) and illiterate (38.4%). Of them, 10.6% were dependent, 6% needed help or were partially dependent, and 82.9% were independent in their daily living activities. Significant associations were observed between daily living activities and age, education level, marital status and living condition (p < 0.001). Married old adults were more dependent than other ones living alone (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although most of the participants were independent, they needed assistance for few of their daily living activities. Also, since age was significantly correlated with daily living activities, it is necessary to implement educational health living programsfor older people suffering from functional restrictions. Also, providing suitable facilities, convenience and human resources should  be taken into consideration. 73 77 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/212016/07/192016/08/1 1395/5/11 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/262016/09/282016/10/3 1395/7/12 Mehdi Abbasian Mehdi Abbasian Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Faezeh Ghalichi Faezeh Ghalichi Master of Nutrition Sciences, Dietitian, Artesh St, Qhaem building, Tabriz, Iran Iran Batol Ahmadi Batol Ahmadi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Paria Ghasemzadeh Paria Ghasemzadeh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Ebrahim Esmaeilpour Ebrahim Esmaeilpour Maku Health Centre, Maku, Iran Iran Hossein Matlabi Hossein Matlabi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Aged Activities of Daily Living Iran Spirduso WW, Cronin DL. Exercise dose– response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6): 598-608.## Aspray TJ. Health needs of elderly people. British Medical Journal. 1994; 309(6951): 412.## World Health Organization. World Health Organization launches new initiative to address the health needs of a rapidly ageing population, 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases /2004/pr60/en/. Accessed at 2 Sep2016.## Vahdani Nia MS, Goshtasebi A, Montazeri A, Maftoon F. Health-related quality of life in an elderly population in Iran: a population-based study. Payesh. 2005; 4(2): 1-6. [Persian]## Barry PP. An overview of special considerations in the evaluation and management of the geriatric patient. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000; 95(1): 8-10.## Habibi A, Nikpour S, Seiedoshohadaei M, Haghani HA. Quality of life and status of physical functioning among elderly people in west region of Tehran: a cross-sectional survey. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 21(53): 29-39. [Persian]##Krinski K, Elsangedy HM, Soares IA, Buzzachera CF, Campos W, Silva SG. Cute cardiovascular effects of resistance exercise on hypertensive elderly women. Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences. 2008; 30: 107-12.## Lee TW, Ko IS, Lee KJ. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among communitydwelling elderly in Korea: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006 ; 43(3): 293-300.## Sturant M, Vanden B. Geriatric psychiatric. [Khodarahimi S, trans]. Mashhad: Astane Ghods Press, 1994.## Darvishpour KA, Abed Saeedi J, Delavar A, Saeed-O-Zakerin M. Autonomy in the elderly: a phenomenological study. Hakim Health System Research Journal . 2010; 12(4) : 1-10. [Persian]## Davies S, Laker S, Ellis L. Promoting autonomy and independence for older people within nursing practice: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997; 26(2): 408-17.## Hellström Y, Persson G, Hallberg IR. Quality of life and symptoms among older people living at home. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004; 48(6): 584-93.##Brown WJ, Mishra G, Lee C, Bauman A. Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well-being and symptoms. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2000; 71(3): 206-16.##Cowper W, Grant S. The effect of 12-weeks group exercise program on physiological variable and function in over weight persons. Public Health. 2003; 191(12): 617-23.## Aslan UB, Cavlak U, Yagci N, Akdag B. Balance performance, aging and falling: a comparative study based on a Turkish sample. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2008; 46(3): 283-92.## Mesgar S, Amini Nasab Z, Nakhaei MH, Sharifzade G, Javadinia SA. Study of quality of life, depression, and daily routines in rural elders in Birjand city, Iran, in 2013. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3): 142-7. [Persian]## Sharifzadeh G, Moodi M, Akhbari H. Investigating health status of older people supported by Imam. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 5(3): 52-9. [Persian]## Taheri Tanjani P, Azadbakht M. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 25(132): 103-12. [Persian]##Arik G, Varan HD, Yavuz BB, Karabulut E, Kara O, Kilic MK, et al. Validation of Katz index of independence in activities of daily living in Turkish older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015; 61(3): 344-50.##Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Balbinotti MA, Jacob-Filho W, Rebustini F, Suemoto CK, Pasqualucci CA, et al. Validity of the Katz Index to assess activities of daily living by informants in neuropathological studies. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 2015; 49(6): 944-50.## Tavafian SS, Aghamolaei T, Moeini B. Functional independence level of physical activities in elderly people: a population- based study. Payesh. 2014; 13(4): 449-56.## Mazloomymahmoodabad SS, ,Soltani T, Morowatisharifabad MA, Fallahzadeh H. Activities of daily living and prevalence of chronic diseases among elderly people in Yazd. Tolooe Behdasht. 2014; 13(3): 42-53. [Persian]## Takemasa S. Factors affecting QOL of the homebound elderly disabled. The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1998; 44(3): 99-114.## Chan KM, Pang WS, Ee CH, Ding YY, Choo P. Functional status of the elderly in Singapore. Singapore. Medical Journal. 1999; 40(10): 635-8.## Moeini B, Barati M, Jalilian F. Factors associated with the functional independence level in older adults. Bimonthly. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 15(4): 318- 26. [Persian]## ##

Psychometric Properties of a Protection Motivation Theory-based Questionnaire to Assess Self-Medication in a Sample of Elderly Iranians 2 2 Introduction: The existence of standard tools is one of the basic needs of scientists of healthy behavior for predicting health-related behaviors. The aim of the present study was to design a psychometrically sound instrument to measure the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication for elderly Iranians. Methods: The study was conducted in spring 2016. The sample consisted of 196 Iranians between the ages of 60 and 74. The study took place in Ahvaz, Iran. The instrument included perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards, and fear constructs. The qualitative component of the study, which consisted of interviews with experts and a systematic review of the literature, provided the data to write the items for the instrument, followed by determining the content validity. Principal components analysis with Oblique rotation was performed to extract correlated constructs. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were performed to examine the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency of the scales. Results: The KMO test statistic of 0.90 revealed the sampling adequacy for doing factor analysis and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001). Seven constructs were extracted based on Eigenvalues of ≥ 1.00 and factor loadings of ≥ 0.40. Cronbach’s α for the constructs, namely, perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards and fear were 0.84, 0.86, 0.81, 0.82, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.85, respectively. The seven constructs accounted for 69.41% of the variation. Conclusion: The developed scales for measuring the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication have acceptable psychometric properties among elderly Iranians. 78 83 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/212016/07/192016/08/12016/08/6 1395/5/16 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/262016/09/282016/10/32016/10/13 1395/7/22 Nasser Hatamzadeh Nasser Hatamzadeh Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fereshteh Zamani-alavijeh Fereshteh Zamani-alavijeh Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Hossein Fallahzadeh Hossein Fallahzadeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Hossein Mosaddegh Mohammad Hossein Mosaddegh Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Psychometrics Self-Medication Protection Motivation Theory Aged Jafari F, Khatony A, Rahmani E. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015; 7(2): 360-65.## Balbuena FR, Aranda AB, Figueras A. Selfmedication in older urban mexicans. Drugs & Aging. 2009; 26(1): 51-60.##Jalilian F, Hazavehei SM, Vahidinia AA, Jalilian M, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence and related factors for choosing self-medication among pharmacies visitors based on health belief model in Hamadan province, west of Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2013; 13(1): 81-5.## Bijani A, Roshan AR, Yazdanpour S, Hosseini SR. Are older women likely to use medicines than older men?(Results from AHAP study). Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2014; 5(2): 77. [Persian]## Eldredge LK, Markham CM, Kok G, Ruiter RA, Parcel GS. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons; 2016.##Kok G. A practical guide to effective behavior change: How to apply theory- and evidence-based behavior change methods in an intervention. The European Health Psychologist. 2014; 16(5): 156- 70.##Gu C, Chan CW, He GP, Choi KC, Yang SB. Chinese women's motivation to receive future screening: the role of social-demographic factors, knowledge and risk perception of cervical cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2013; 17(2): 154 61.##Maddux JE, Rogers RW. Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1983; 19(5): 469-79.##Leshner G, Vultee F, Bolls PD, Moore J. When a fear appeal isn't just a fear appeal: The effects of graphic anti-tobacco messages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 2010; 54(3): 485-507.## Dillard AJ, Ferrer RA, Ubel PA, Fagerlin A. Risk perception measures' associations with behavior intentions, affect, and cognition following colon cancer screening messages. Health Psychology. 2012; 31(1): 106-13.##Yan Y, Jacques-Tiura AJ, Chen X, Xie N, Chen J, Yang N, et al. Application of the protection motivation theory in predicting cigarette smoking among adolescents in China. Addictive Behaviors.2014; 39(1): 181-8.##Thrul J, Stemmler M, Bühler A, Kuntsche E. Adolescents’ protection motivation and smoking behaviour. Health Education Research. 2013; 28(4): 683-91.##Knapp TR, Brown JK. Ten measurement commandments that often broken. Research in Nursing & Health. 1995; 18(5): 465-9. Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity1. Personnel Psychology. 1975; 28(4): 563-75.## Santos JR. Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. Journal of Extension. 1999; 37(2): 1-5.##Nguyen MN, Otis J, Potvin L. Determinants of intention to adopt a low-fat diet in men 30 to 60 years old: implications for heart health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion. 1996; 10(3): 201-7.##Rahaei Z, Ghofranipour F, Morowatisharifabad MA. Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory questionnaire used for cancer early detection. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2015; 12(3): 69-79. [Persian]##Jalilian F, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Ahmadi-Jouybari T, Karami-Matin B, Ahmadpanah M, Eslami AA, et al. Psychometric analysis of the substance use risk profile scale (SURPS) among Iranian medical university students. Research Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 10 (3): 152-58.## Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, KaramiMatin B, Jalilian F, Hamzeh B, Haghighi M, Ahmadpanah M, et al. Relapse preventative intervention among Iranian addicts based on theory of planned behavior results. Research Journal of Applied Sciences. 2016; 11(4): 138-43.##Jalilian F, Joulaei H, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Samannezhad B, Berimvandi P, KaramiMatin B, Mahboubi M. Cognitive factors related to##cigarettes smoking among college students: an application of theory of planned behavior. Social Sciences. 2016; 11(7): 1189-93.## ##

The Relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Quality Of Life among the Elderly People Residing in Zahedan City (South-East of Iran) 2 2 Introduction: Regarding the increasing number of elderly people, their quality of life becomes more important. Spiritual well-being is one of the most important aspects of health status which has often been neglected in some nations. This study aims to identify the relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life among the elderly people residing of Zahedan city in 2016. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study’s sample included 117 elderly people residing in Zahedan city in south-east of Iran who were recruited through Population-based cluster random sampling. The required data was collected by Spiritual Well-Being Scale of Paloutzian and Ellison and health survey questionnaire (SF36) and analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and t-test by the use of SPSS software, version 19. Results: The mean score of quality of life was (58.2 ± 6.25). Women’s quality of life was significantly lower than men’s (p = 0.04). The mean score of spiritual well-being was (88.98 ± 7.35). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between quality of life and both spiritual (p = 0.04, r= 0.42) and religious well-being (p = 0.043, r = 0.41). Conclusion: Regarding the low levels of quality of life especially in elderly women, it is recommended that more attention should be paid to this group of the society .Awareness of the importance of spiritual well-being in taking care of these people is highly recommended. 84 88 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/212016/07/192016/08/12016/08/62016/08/9 1395/5/19 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/262016/09/282016/10/32016/10/132016/10/17 1395/7/26 Maryam Seraji Maryam Seraji Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Davood Shojaezade Davood Shojaezade Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Fateme Rakhshani Fateme Rakhshani Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran Iran Spiritual Well-Being Quality of Life Ageing Khoshbin S. World Health Organization Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean. Active and healthy ageing and aged care strategy in the eastern mediterranean region. Tehran: Mezrab; 2010. [Persian]## Sadeghi M, Kazemi HR. Prevalence of dementia and depression among residents of elderly nursing homes in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2004; 9(4): 49-55. [Persian]## Sajjadi H, Biglarian A. Quality of life in elderly women in Kahrizak hospice charity. Payesh. 2006; 6(2): 105-8. [Persian]##Tajvar M, Farziyanpour F. Elderly health and a review on different aspects of their life. Tehran: Nasle Farda and Arjmand; 2004.[Persian]## Alipour F, Sajadi H, Forouzan A, Biglarian A, Jalilian A. Elderly quality of life in Tehran's district two. Salmand. 2009; 3(9, 10): 72 80. [Persian]## Habibi Sola A, Nikpour S, Seyed Shohadaee M, Haghani H. Quality of life in elderly people of west of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2008; 2(7): 29-35. [Persian]##Shahbazi M R, Mirkhani M, Hatamizadeh N, Rahgozar M. Disability assessments in Tehranian elderly, 2007. Salmand. 2008; 3(3, 4): 84-92. [Persian]##Vahdani Nia MS, Goshtasebi A, Montazeri A, Maftoon F. Health-related quality of life in an elderly population in Iran: a population-based study. Payesh. 2005; 4(2): 113-20. [Persian]##Omidvari S. Spiritual health; concepts and challenges. Quranic Interdisciplinary Studies Journal. 2009; 1(1): 5-17. [Persian]##Stuckey JC. Blessed assurance: The role of religion and spirituality in Alzheimer's disease caregiving and other significant life events. Journal of Aging Studies. 2001; 15(1): 69-84.## Rezaei M, Seyedfatemi N, Hosseini F. Spiritual well-being in cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy. Hayat. 2009; 14(4, 3): 33-9. [Persian]## Movaghari M, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. Study on quality of spiritual care rehabilitation inpatient elderly in mental hospitals of Tehran Medical Sciences University. Payesh. 2003. 2(2): 121-6. [Persian]##Sperry L. Working with spiritual issues of the elderly and their caregivers. Psychiatric Annals. 2006; 36(3): 185.##Riley JB. Communication in Nursing. 6th ed. USA: Mosby Elsevier; 2008.##Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia M, Gandek B. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Quality of Life Research. 2005; 14(3): 875-82.##Darvishpoor Kakhki A, Abed Saeedi J, Delavar A, Saeed-O-Zakerin M. Tools for measurement of health status and quality of life of elderly people. Research in Medicine. 2010; 33(3): 162-73. [Persian]##Seyedfatemi N, Rezaei M, Gioore A, Hosseini F. The effect of prayer on spiritual health of cancer patients. Payesh . 2006; 5(4): 295-304. [Persian]## Ahmadi F, Salar A, Faghihzadeh S. Quality of life in Zahedan elderly population. Hayat. 2004; 10 (3): 61-7. [Persian]##Fry PS. Religious involvement, spirituality and personal meaning for life: Existential predictors of psychological wellbeing in community-residing and institutional care elders. Aging & Mental Health. 2000; 4(4): 375-87.##Johnson ME, Piderman KM, Sloan JA, Huschka M, Atherton PJ, Hanson JM, et al. Measuring spiritual quality of life in patients with cancer. The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 2007; 5(9): 437- 42.##Nejati V. Assessing the health status of elderly people in the province of Qom (2007). Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 13(1): 67-72. [Persian].## Daaleman TP, Perera S, Studenski SA. Religion, spirituality, and health status in geriatric outpatients. Annals of Family Medicine. 2004; 2(1): 49-53.## Koenig HG. Spirituality, wellness, and quality of life. Sexuality, Reproduction and Menopause. 2004; 2(2): 76-82.##Whelan-Gales MA, Quinn Griffin MT, Maloni J, Fitzpatrick JJ. Spiritual well-being, spiritual practices, and depressive symptoms among elderly patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. Geriatric Nursing. 2009; 30(5): 312-7. ##Brown C. Professional Social Worker and Anglican Priest. London: Jessica Kingsley; 2005.##Rippentrop EA, Altmaier EM, Chen JJ, Found EM, Keffala VJ. The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Pain.2005; 116(3): 311-21.## ##

Aging Ergonomics: A Field with Inadequate Notice 2 89 89 2016/05/22016/06/192016/06/212016/07/192016/08/12016/08/62016/08/92016/11/8 1395/8/18 2016/07/232016/08/22016/08/262016/09/282016/10/32016/10/132016/10/172016/11/18 1395/8/28 Saeed Ghaneh Saeed Ghaneh Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Klinger A. Labour market responses to population ageing and other socio-demographicchange. Issue paper prepared for the European commission of economics; 2002 .## Burtless GT, Quinn JF. Retirement trends and policies to encourage work among older Americans. Boston: Boston College; 2000.##Tayyari F, Smith JL. Occupational ergonomics. 5th ed, USA, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.## U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Civilian labor force participation rate by age, gender, race, and ethnicity; 2015. Available from: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/laborforce-projections-to-2024-1.htm. Accessed at 17 Oct 2016.## Mirzaei M, Shams Ghahfarokhi M. Demography of Elder Population in Iran Over the Period 1956 To 2006. Salmand. 2007; 2(3) : 326-31. [Persian]## Mitzner TL, Fisk AD, Rogers WA, Mayhorn CB. Ergonomics and Aging. In: Marras WS, Karwowski W, editors. Fundamentals and assessment tools for occupational ergonomics. 1th ed. USA: Taylor & Francis; 2006.## ##