Parasitic Infections in Nursing Homes: a Permanent Threat for Elderly Health 2 55 56 2017/04/15 1396/1/26 2017/12/20 1396/9/29 Emad Ahmadiara Emad Ahmadiara Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran Bahador Hajimohammadi Bahador Hajimohammadi Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Berahmat R, Spotin A, Ahmadpour E, MahamiOskouei M, Rezamand A, Aminisani N, et al. Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology Research. 2017; 116(4): 1111-28.## Heukelbach J, Poggensee G, Winter B, Wilcke T, Kerr-Pontes LR, Feldmeier H. Leukocytosis and blood eosinophilia in a polyparasitised population in north-eastern Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006; 100##(1): 32-40.## Shakya B, Rai SK, Singh A, Shrestha A. Intestinal parasitosis among the elderly people in KathmanduValley. Nepal Medical College Journal. 2006; 8(4): 243-7.##Girotto KG, Grama DF, Cunha MJR, Faria ESM, Limongi JE, Pinto RMC, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at long term residency institutions in Southeastern. Brazil. Journal of the Sao Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine. 2013; 55(1): 19-24.## Engroffa P, Ely LS, Da Silva AB, Viegas K, Loureiroe F, Gomese I, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in the elderly enrolled in the family health strategy in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging. 2016; 10(3): 132-39.## ##

Mitophagy: New Insight into the Cardiovascular Aging 2 57 58 2017/04/152017/05/2 1396/2/12 2017/12/202017/12/22 1396/10/1 Fatemeh Safari Fatemeh Safari Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Shirakabe A, Ikeda Y, Sciarretta S, Zablocki DK, Sadoshima J. Aging and autophagy in the heart. Circulation Research. 2016; 118(10): 1563-76.## Nair S, Ren J. Autophagy and cardiovascular aging: lesson learned from rapamycin. Cell Cycle 2012; 11(11): 2092-9.## Linton PJ, Gurney M, Sengstock D, Mentzer RM, Gottlieb RA. This old heart: cardiac aging and autophagy. Journal of Molecular And Cellular Cardiology. 2015; 83: 44-54.## Tocchi A, Quarles EK, Basisty N, Gitari L, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-n Bioenergetics. 2015; 1847(11): 1424-33.## Lemasters JJ. Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. Rejuvenation Research. 2005; 8(1): 3-5.## Moyzis AG, Sadoshima J, Gustafsson ÅB. Mending a broken heart: the role of mitophagy in cardioprotection. American Journal of Physiology Heart Circulation Physiology. 2015; 308(3): 183-92.## Cohen HY, Miller C, Bitterman KJ, Wall NR, Hekking B, Kessler B, et al. Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science. 2004; 305(5682): 390-2.## Cui J, Shi S, Sun X, Cai G, Cui S, Hong Q, Chen X, Bai XY. Mitochondrial autophagy involving renal injury and aging is modulated by caloric intake in aged rat kidneys. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7): e69720.## LaRocca TJ, Hearon CMr, Henson GD, Seals DR. Mitochondrial quality control and age-associated arterial stiffening. Experimental Gerontology. 2014; 58: 78-82.## Das S, Mitrovsky G, Vasanthi HR, Das DK. Antiaging properties of a grape-derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. Oxidative Medicnine and Cellular Longevity. 2014; 2014: 345105.## ##

The Psychological Determinants of Self-Medication among the Elderly: An Explanation Based on the Health Belief Model 2 2 Introduction: Self-medication is one of the problems in the treatment cycle of patients. Aging is associated with increased drug use and adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing self-medication among the elderly referring to urban health centers in Khorramabad, Iran, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in 2016-2017. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 137 elderly individuals over 60 in Khorramabad. The participants were selected using the multistage sampling method. Data collection instruments included a questionnaire designed based on the HBM and a self-medication checklist. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, descriptive statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression. Results: Among the constructs of the HBM, perceived severity alone could predict 31 percent of the self-medication behaviors, and perceived severity plus barriers could predict 40 percent of the self-medication behaviors. The overall prevalence of self-medication among the elderly was 39.4%. The most common reason for self-medication was previous experiences with self-medications (59.8%). Additionally, there were significant relationships among the constructs of HBM with the favorable practice of the elderly regarding self-medication (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that perceived severity and barriers play a more crucial role in the development of self-care behaviors regarding self-medication among the elderly. 59 66 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/2 1396/3/12 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/30 1396/5/8 Katayon Bakhtiar Katayon Bakhtiar Department of Public Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Iran Fatemeh Bastami Fatemeh Bastami Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Naser Sharafkhani Naser Sharafkhani Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Mohammad Almasian Mohammad Almasian Department of English Language, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Iran Aged Health Belief Model Self-Medication Hosseini SR, Zabihi A, Savad KS, Bizhani A. Prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly population in Amirkola (2006-2007). 2008. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences (JBUMS). 2008; 10 (2): 68- 75. [Persian] ## Habibi A, Neekpoor S, Seyedolshohda M, Haghani H. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among elderly people: A cross-sectional survey 2006. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 8(1): 29-36. [Persian]##Britt HC, Harrison CM, Miller GC, Knox SA. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2008; 189(2): 72-7. ## Brownie S. Why are elderly individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency? International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2006; 12(2): 110-8. ## Khalifeh MM, Moore ND, Salameh PR. Self‐medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. 2017; 5(4): 323. ## Davati A, Jaffari F, Samad Pour M, Tabar K. Medication review in elderly in Tehran. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2007; 25(4): 450-6. ## Karimy M, Montazeri A, Khoshdel AR, Kuhpayehzadeh J, Baradaran H, Rohani MR, et al. Assessment of self-medication of the elderly in urban care homes by using health belief model. Journal of Research & Health. 2014; 4(3): 803-10. ## Shrifirad GR, Mohebbi S, Motalebi M, Abbasi MH, Rejati F, Tal A. The prevalence and effective modifiable factors of self-medication based on the health belief model among elderly adults in Gonabad in 2009. Health System Research. 2011; 7(4). ##Ahadian M. Self-medication and drug abuse. Journal of Drug Nedaye Mahya. 2007; 1(3): 14-35. ## Tabiei SH, Farajzadeh Z, Eizadpanah AM. Self-medication with drug amongst university students of Birjand. Modern Care Journal. 2012; 9(4): 371-8. [Persian] ##Moghaddam Nia A. Self-medication in cold among population above 15 years of age in Babol. Journal of Babol University of Medical Science. 2007; 2(1): 26-32. [Persian] ## Nguyen HV, Nguyen THN. Factors associated with self‐medication among medicine sellers in urban Vietnam. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2015; 30(3): 219-31. ##Silva K, Schrager SM, Kecojevic A, Lankenau SE. Factors associated with history of non-fatal overdose among young nonmedical users of prescription drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2013; 128(1): 104-10. ## Cossette B, Bergeron J, Ricard G, Éthier JF, Joly‐Mischlich T, Levine M, et al. Knowledge translation strategy to reduce the use of potentially inappropriate medications in hospitalized elderly adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016; 64 (12): 2487-94. ## Saboor M. Drug therapy problems in the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Aging. 2007; 2(3): 216-22. [Persian]## Shamsi M, Tajik R, Mohammadbegee AAF. Effect of education based on health belief model on self-medication in mothers referring to health centers of Arak. Arak Medical University Journal. 2009; 12(3): 57-66. [Persian] ## Green EC, Murphy E. Health belief model. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014. ## Karimy M, Hasani M, Khoram R, Ghaffari M, Niknami S. The effect of education, based on health belief model on breast self-examination in health liaisons of Zarandieh city. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2008; 10(4): 283-91. [Persian] ## Karimy M, Heidarnia A, Ghofranipour F. Factors influencing self-medication among elderly urban centers in Zarandieh based on Health Belief Model. Arak Medical University Journal. 2011; 14(5):70-8. [Persian] ## Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. United States: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. ## Azami-Aghdash S, Mohseni M, Etemadi M, Royani S, Moosavi A, Nakhaee M. Prevalence and cause of self-medication in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis article. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2015; 44(12): 1580-93. ##Draper NR, Smith H. Applied regression analysis. United States: John Wiley & Sons; 2014. ## Vahedian-Shahroodi M, Elaheh L-m, Esmaily H, Tehrani H, Hamidreza M-H. Prediction of osteoporosis preventive behaviors using the health belief model. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2014; 2(3): 199-207. [Persian] ## Motavali ZS, Abedi H, Davaridolatabadi E. Self-medication and its effective modifiable factors among elderly referred health care centers in Shahr-e-Kord in 2015. Electronic Physician. 2016; 8(11): 3205-13. ## Carpenter CJ. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication. 2010; 25(8): 661-9. ##Baghiani MM, Ehrampoush M. Evaluation of attitude and practice of students of Yazd university of medical sciences to self-medication. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2006; 8(2): 111-19. [Persian] ## Shaghaghi A, Asadi M, Allahverdipour H. Predictors of self-medication behavior: a systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014; 43(2): 136. ##Khosravi S, Jahani F, Gazerani N, Eshrati B, Moghimi M. Determining knowledge and attitude of students in Arak university of medical sciences about Ecstasy based on health belief model in 2006. Arak Medical University Journal. 2007; 10(2): 15-21. [Persian] ##Shamsi M, Bayati A, Mohamadbeygi A, Tajik R. The effect of educational program based on health belief model (HBM) on preventive behavior of self-medication in woman with pregnancy in Arak, Iran. Pejouhandeh. 2010; 14(6): 324-31. [Persian] ## Kharghani Moghadam S, Shojaiezadeh D, Mahmoudi M. Effect of education based on health belief model to prevent the arbitrary use of the drug in women referring to health centers Sabzevar city. Health Education Supplement. 2013; 9(14): 1876-88. ## Niksadat N, Solhi M, Shojaezadeh D, Gohari MR. Investigating the effect of education based on health belief model on improving the preventive behaviors of self-medication in the women under the supervision of health institutions of zone 3 of Tehran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 20(113): 48-59. ## Jalilian F, Hazavehei SMM, Vahidinia AA, Jalilian M, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence and related factors for choosing self-medication among pharmacies visitors based on health belief model in Hamadan province, west of Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2013; 13(1): 81-5. ## Purreza A, Khalafi A, Ghiasi A, Mojahed F, Nurmohammadi M. To identify self-medication practice among Medical Students of Tehran University of Medical Science. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2013; 8(4): 40-6. [Persian] ## Sedighi B, Ghaderi-Sohi S, Emami S. Evaluation of self-medication prevalence, diagnosis and prescription in migraine in Kerman, Iran. Saudi Medical Journal. 2006; 27(3): 377-80. ## Domingues PHF, Galvão TF, Andrade KRCd, Sá PTTd, Silva MT, Pereira MG. Prevalence of self-medication in the adult population of Brazil: a systematic review. Revista de Saude Publica. 2015; 49(36): 1-8. ## Tajik R, Shamsi M, Mohammad Beigi A. Prevalence of self-medication and some of the factors affecting it in women Arak city. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty. 2008; 16(1): 29-34. [Persian]## Rakhshani M, Rakhshani F, Mirshahi A. Self-medication in Zahedan city in 1999. Feyz Journals of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 6(2): 45-52. [Persian] ## Somi M, Piri Z, Behshid M, Zaman Zadeh V. Self-medication by residents of northwestern Tabriz. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2003; 59(1): 82-6. ## Balamurugan E, Ganesh K. Prevalence and pattern of self-medication use in coastal regions of south India. British Journal of Medical Practitioners. 2011; 4(3): 428. ## Albarrán KF, Zapata LV. Analysis and quantification of self-medication patterns of customers in community pharmacies in southern chile. Pharmacy World & Science. 2008; 30(6): 863-8. ##Sawalha AF. A descriptive study of self-medication practices among Palestinian medical and nonmedical university students. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2008; 4(2): 164-72. ## Carrasco‐Garrido P, Jiménez‐García R, Barrera VH, Gil de Miguel A. Predictive factors of self‐medicated drug use among the Spanish adult population. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2008; 17(2): 193-9. ## Locquet M, Honvo G, Rabenda V, Van Hees T, Petermans J, Reginster J-Y, et al. Adverse health events related to self-medication practices among elderly: a systematic review. Drugs & Aging. 2017; 34(5): 359-65. ## Rana AM, Wahlin Å, Lundborg CS, Kabir ZN. Impact of health education on health-related quality of life among elderly persons: results from a community-based intervention study in rural Bangladesh. Health Promotion International. 2009; 24(1): 36-45. ## Sahebi L, Seydi A, Amini S, Mousa KM. Self-medication Status among referring patients to Tabriz pharmacies. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009; 14(4): 174-81. ## ##

Attitude to, Knowledge and Practice of Skin Care in Older Adults in Sarakhs City, and Prevalence of Some Skin Problems among Them 2 2 Introduction: Considering the effects of skin diseases on health, activities, and quality of life of older adults, the study was conducted with the aim of determining knowledge, attitude, and practice status in older adults of Sarakhs city about skin care and prevalence of some skin problems among them. Methods: Totally 400 older adults aged 60 years and above (60-99 years) in a cross-sectional study were selected through cluster random sampling from urban and rural older adults in Sarakhs city, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Data was collected through skin examination and a researcher-made questionnaire, which included four parts of demographic questions, attitude to, knowledge, and practice of skin care. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Results: The most commonly detected skin problem was dryness (30.25%) followed by pruritus (5.9%) and flaking of the skin (8.25%). Average knowledge score was 18.15 ± 7.59 (possible score range of 0-56), average attitude score was 27.13 ± 3.17 (possible score range of 12 to 36), and average practice score was 33.9± 8.30 (possible score range of 13-67). There was a positive significant correlation between scores of knowledge and attitude (r = 0.283, p < 0.001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.222, p < 0.001), as well as attitude and practice (r = 0.298, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The commonest skin problems among older adults was skin dryness, pruritis and flaking. Knowledge and practice of skin care is at low level. An accurate and comprehensive training plan seems necessary to promote the level of these people’s knowledge and practices. 67 73 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/18 1396/3/28 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/3 1396/5/12 Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Department of Ageing Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fariba Bayati Fariba Bayati Department of Ageing Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Zohreh Rahaei Zohreh Rahaei Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh Ardakani Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh Ardakani Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Department of Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Knowledge Attitude Practice Older adults Care Skin Glaesmer H, Riedel-Heller S, Braehler E, Spangenberg L, Luppa M. Age-and gender-specific prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. International Psychogeriatrics. 2011; 23(08): 1294-300. ## Soleymani L, Najafpour Boushehri S, Tahmasbi R. Knowledge, attitude and practice declaration of Elderly in Ahram city toward nutrition behavior in 2013. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2015; 18(2): 370-82. [Persian] ## Simonetti JP, Ferreira JC. Coping strategies caregivers of elderly with chronic diseases develop. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 2008; 42(1): 19-25. ## Na CR, Wang S, Kirsner R, Federman DG. Elderly adults and skin disorders. Southern Medical Journal. 2012; 105(11): 600-6. ## Malekzad F, Rahmati M, Taheri A. Prevalence of skin diseases among nursing home patients in elderly home nursing in north of Tehran. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2007; 12(3): 253-8. [Persian]##Farage MA, Miller KW, Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Clinical implications of aging skin. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2009; 10(2): 73-86.## Ramos‐e‐Silva M, Da Silva Carneiro SC. Elderly skin and its rejuvenation: products and procedures for the aging skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2007; 6(1): 40-50. ## Mirzaie M. Some observations on the dimensions of aging with a look at Japan's experience. Human Sciences. 2007; 8(53): 195-216. ## Wey S-J, Chen DY. Common cutaneous disorders in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2010; 1(2): 36-41. ##Patel T, Yosipovitch G. The management of chronic pruritus in the elderly. Skin Therapy Letter. 2010; 15(8): 5-9. ## Fore J. A review of skin and the effects of aging on skin structure and function. Ostomy/Wound Management. 2006; 52(9): 24-35. ##Talaee R, Moayeri M, Mazuchi T, Moravveji SA, Ardestani M. Quality of life in patients with common pigmentation disorders in Kashan. Journal of Dermatology and Cosmetic. 2012; 3(3): 140-9. [Persian] ## Kostopoulou P, Jouary T, Quintard B, Ezzedine K, Marques S, Boutchnei S, et al. Objective vs. subjective factors in the psychological impact of vitiligo: the experience from a French referral centre. British Journal of Dermatology. 2009; 161(1): 128-33. ##Choi S, Kim DY, Whang SH, Lee JH, Hann SK, Shin YJ. Quality of life and psychological adaptation of Korean adolescents with vitiligo. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2010; 24(5): 524-9. ## Hay RJ, Fuller LC. Global burden of skin disease in the elderly: a grand challenge to skin health. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia: Organo Ufficiale, Societa Italiana Di Dermatologia E Sifilografia. 2015; 150(6): 693-8. ## Tempark T, Chatproedprai S, Wananukul S. Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors of secondary school adolescents regarding protection from sun exposure: a survey in Bangkok, Thailand. Photo dermatology, Photo immunology & Photo medicine. 2012; 28(4): 200-6. ## Adib-Hajbaghery M, Akbari H. The severity of old age disability and its related factors. Feyz Journals of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 13(3): 225-34. [Persian] ## Guerra SG, Préville M, Vasiliadis HM, Berbiche D. Association between skin conditions and depressive disorders in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2014; 18(4): 256-64. ## Saridi M, Pappa V, Kyriazis I, Toska A, Giolis A, Liachapoulou A, et al. Knowledge and attitudes to sun exposure among adolescents in Korinthos, Greece. Rural Remote Health. 2009; 9(4): 1162-81. ## Sassolas B, Grange F, Touboul C, Lebbe C, Saiag P, Mortier L, et al. Sun exposure profile in the French population. Results of the Edifice melanoma survey. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2015; 29(s2): 6-10.## Mazloomy MS, Zeynolabedini M, Noorbala M, Fallahzadeh H. Knowledge, attitude, and performance of people toward skin cancer in Yazd. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2012; 11(3): 125-37. [Persian] ## Mousavi F, Vaseie M, Vaseie L, Khajeh-Kazemi R. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of adults to the protective actions against sun in northwest Tehran, Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2011; 14(2): 126. ## Cinar ND, Cinar S, Karakoc A, Ucar F. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors concerning sun protection/skin cancer among adults in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2009; 25(1): 108-12. ##Cybulski M, Krajewska-Kulak E. Skin diseases among elderly inhabitants of Bialystok, Poland. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2015; 10: 1937-43. ##Morowatisharifabad MA, Ravaei J, Haerian A, Asgari Shahi M, Malekhosseini SV, Rezaeipandari H. Self-reported oral health and quality of life in the elderly. Elderly Health Journal. 2016; 2(2): 56-61. ## Hobbs C, Nahar VK, Ford MA, Bass MA, Brodell RT. Skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in collegiate athletes. Journal of Skin Cancer. 2014; 2014: 1-7. ## Al-Ghamdi KM, AlAklabi AS, AlQahtani AZ. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the general public toward sun exposure and protection: A national survey in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016; 24(6): 652-7. ## Gavin A, Boyle R, Donnelly D, Donnelly C, Gordon S, McElwee G, et al. Trends in skin cancer knowledge, sun protection practices and behaviours in the Northern Ireland population. The European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 22(3): 408-12. ## ##

Association between Chronic Pain and Depression among the Elderly of Amirkola City, Northern Iran 2 2 Introduction: Chronic pain and depression are two of common geriatric disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between chronic pain and depressive symptoms in older people in Amirkola. Methods: This cross-sectional study is part of Amirkola Health and Aging Project. It is an ongoing cohort project which was being conducted from 2011 on all people aged 60 and above in Amirkola city in northern part of Iran. One thousand six hundred and four older people were included in the study. Data related to chronic pains and their locations were collected using questionnaire by inquiring the elderly while depressive symptoms were gathered based on Geriatric Depression Scale. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression in SPSS. Results: The prevalence of chronic pain, depressive symptoms, and co-occurrence of chronic pain and depressive symptoms among the elderly was respectively 84.4%, 43.5%, and 39.8%. The odds ratio of having chronic pain in depressed people was more than non-depressed people (OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 2.11-3.94). Prevalence of chronic pain in hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, hip joints, knees, ankles, legs, and back were noticeable in people with symptoms of depression compared to those without depressive symptoms. In regression model, severity of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.73 (1.23 - 2.45)), being female (OR = 2.40 (1.68 - 3.45)), increasing age (OR = 1.03 (1.01 - 1.05) and having chronic diseases (OR = 1.24 (1.13-1.35) were among the important variables that influenced chronic pain. Conclusion: This study showed, especially in women, significant association between chronic pain and depressive symptoms. It is essential to take prophylactic and treatment measures suitable for their control and treatment. 74 79 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/13 1396/4/22 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/19 1396/6/28 Alijan Ahmadi Ahangar Alijan Ahmadi Ahangar Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Seyed Reza Hosseini Seyed Reza Hosseini Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Farzan Kheirkhah Farzan Kheirkhah Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Masoumeh Karimi Masoumeh Karimi Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Payam Saadat Payam Saadat Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Ali Bijani Ali Bijani Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Shayan Alijanpour Shayan Alijanpour Emergency Medical Service Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Hamed Hosseinzadeh Hamed Hosseinzadeh Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Sakineh Faraji Sakineh Faraji Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran Depression Chronic Pain Aged Ghaneh B, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Rahaei Z, Rezaeipandari H, MohitiArdakani E. Disability and Self-Care among Elders in Yazd. Elderly Health Journal. 2016; 2(1): 39-44. ## Shahbazi MR, Mirkhani M, Hatamizadeh N, Rahgozar M. Evaluation of disability in Tehran elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2009; 3(3-4): 84-92. [Persian] ## Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. The Journal of Pain. 2012; 13(8): 715-24. ## Zis P, Daskalaki A, Bountouni I, Sykioti P, Varrassi G, Paladini A. Depression and chronic pain in the elderly: links and management challenges. Clinical Interventions in Ageing. 2017; 12: 709–20. ##Makris UE, Abrams RC, Gurland B, Reid MC. Management of Persistent Pain in the Older Patient A Clinical Review. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2014; 312(8): 825–36. ## Fiske A, Wetherell JL, Gatz M. Depression in Older Adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2009; 5: 363–89.## Duberstein PR, Pálsson SP, Waern M, Skoog I. Personality and risk for depression in a birth cohort of 70-year-olds followed for 15 years. Psychological Medicine. 2008; 38(5): 663-71.## Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, Posada-Villa J, Kovess V, Angermeyer MC, et.al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Pain. 2007; 129(3): 332-42 ##Gerrits MM, van Oppen P, van Marwijk HW, Penninx BW, van der Horst HE. Pain and the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders. Pain. 2014; 155(1): 53-9. ##Walker A.K, Kavelaars A, Heijnen C.J, Dantzer R. Neuroinflammation and Comorbidity of Pain and Depression. Pharmacological Reviews. 2014; 66(1): 80–101. ## Doan L, Manders T, Wang J. Neuroplasticity underlying the comorbidity of pain and depression. Neural Plasticity. 2015; 2015: 1-16. ## Li JX. Pain and depression comorbidity: a preclinical perspective. Behavioural Brain Research. 2015; 276(1): 92-8. ## Katon W. The impact of depression on workplace functioning and disability costs. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2009; 15(11): 322-7. ## Hosseini SR, Cumming RG, Kheirkhah F, Nooreddini H, Baiani MA, Mikaniki E, et al. Cohort. profile: The Amirkola Health and Aging Project. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2014; 43(5): 1393-1400 ## Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett ML, Benoliel R, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015; 156(6): 1003-7. ## Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health. 1986; 5(1-2): 165-73. ## Malakouti SK, Fatollahi P, Mirabzadeh A, Salavati M, Zandi T. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GDS‐15 in Iranian elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006; 21(6): 588-93 ##Majdi M R, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Salek M, Taghi M, Mokhber N. Prevalence of Depression in an Elderly Population: A Population-Based Study in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 5(1): 17-24 ## Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975; 12(3 ): 189–98. ## Seyydian M, Fallah M, Nourozian M, Nejat S, Delavar A, Ghasemzadeh H. Validity of the Farsi version of mini-mental state examination. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2008; 25(4): 408-14.[Persian] ## Bauer H, Emeny RT, Baumert J, Ladwig KH. Resilience moderates the association between chronic pain and depressive symptoms in the elderly. European Journal of Pain. 2016; 20(8): 1253-65. ## Calvo-Perxas L, Vilalta-Franch J, Turró-Garriga O, López-Pousa S, Garre-Olmo J. Gender differences in depression and pain: a two year follow-up study of the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016; 193: 157-64. ## Han HS, Lee JY, Kang SB, Chang CB.The relationship between the presence of depressive symptoms and the severity of self-reported knee pain in the middle aged and elderly. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA. 2015, 24(5):1634-1642 ## Phyomaung PP, Dubowitz J, Cicuttini FM, Fernando S, Wluka AE, Raaijmaakers P, Wang Y, Urquhart DM. Are depression, anxiety and poor mental health risk factors for knee pain? A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014 ; 15: 10. ## Kroenke K, Wu J, Bair MJ, Krebs EE, Damush TM, Tu W. Reciprocal relationship between pain and depression: a 12-month longitudinal analysis in primary care. The Journal of Pain. 2011; 12(9): 964-73. ## Glombiewski JA, Hartwich-Tersek J, Rief W. Depression in chronic back pain patients: prediction of pain intensity and pain disability in cognitive-behavioral treatment. Psychosomatics. 2010; 51(2): 130-6. ## Stubbs B, Koyanagi A, Thompson T, Veronese N, Carvalho AF, Solomi M, et al. The epidemiology of back pain and its relationship with depression, psychosis, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and stress sensitivity: Data from 43 low-and middle-income countries. General hospital psychiatry. 2016; 43: 63-70. ##Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, Ordoñana JR, Machado GC, Prado LR, et.al. Symptoms of Depression and Risk of New Episodes of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Arthritis Care & Research. 2015; 67(11): 1591-603. ##Tatebe M, Iwatsuki K, Hirata H, Oguchi T, Tanaka K, Urata S. Effects of depression and inflammatory factors on chronic conditions of the wrist. Bone Joint Journal. 2016; 98(7): 961-8. ## ##

Nutritional Status of the Community-dwelling Elderly in Tabriz, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Nutrition is an important determinant of health in the elderly. Older people are more susceptible to malnutrition that leaves adverse effects on their health. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the community-dwelling elderly in Tabriz City. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among non- institutionalized older people in Tabriz, Iran. A total of 1041 older adults (506 men and 535 women) were randomly selected based on Probability Proportional to Size sampling method. Data collection and evaluation of nutritional status using Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form, were conducted in the participants’ households. Results: Of all participants, 2.5% (CI 95%; 1.7-3.6) suffered from malnutrition, 26.7% (CI 95%; 24.1%-29.5%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 70.8% (CI 95%; 68.0%-73.5%) had normal nutritional status. Malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were more prevalent in elderly women than men (malnutrition: 2.6% vs. 2.4%, risk of malnutrition: 30.3% vs. 22.9%, p = 0.024) and in single than married elderly (3.9% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001). Moreover, it had an upward trend with increasing age and decreasing educational level. Conclusion: Although most of the elderly people were nutritionally in normal status, a significant proportion were at risk of malnutrition that strengthens the need for designing and implementing appropriate interventions to improve lifestyle and prevent malnutrition in the elderly people. 80 86 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/132017/07/21 1396/4/30 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/192017/09/28 1396/7/6 Akbar Azizi Zeinalhajlou Akbar Azizi Zeinalhajlou Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Hossein Matlabi Hossein Matlabi Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Sarvin Sanaie Sarvin Sanaie Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Manouchehr Seyedi Vafaee Manouchehr Seyedi Vafaee Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Fathollah Pourali Fathollah Pourali Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Elderly Nutritional Status MNA-SF Community-dwelling Iran Azizi Zeinalhajlou A, Amini A, Tabrizi JS. Consequences of Population Aging in Iran with Emphasis on its Increasing Challenges on the Health System (Literature Review). Depiction of Health. 2015; 6(1): 54-64. ## Lashkarboloki F, Aryaei M, Djazayery A, Eftekhar-Ardebily H, Minaei M. Association of Demographic, Socio-economic Features and Some Health Problems with Nutritional Status in Elderly. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2015; 9(4): 27-34. ## Pasdar Y, Gharetapeh A, Pashaie T, Alghasi S, Niazi P, Haghnazari L. Nutritional status using multidimensional assessment in Iranian elderly. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 15(3): 178-185. [Persian] ## World Health Organization. Report of the World Health Organization Active ageing: A policy framework. The Aging Male. 2002; 5(1): 1-37. ## Anil C M, Jomy J, Athira S, Vijayakumar M. The validity of Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) questionnaire in screening malnutrition among elderly aged 60 years and above in urban Coimbatore. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences. 2015; 2(3): 43-46. ## De Onis M, Monteiro C, Akré J, Clugston G. The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition: an overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1993; 71(6): 703-12. ## Masomy N, Jefroodi S, Ghanbari A, Kazemnejad E, Shojaei F, Rafiei A. Nutritional Status Assessment and Related Factors in the Retired Senile. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences 2012; 21(84): 65-70. [Persian] ## Eshagi SR, Babak A, Manzori L, Merasi MR. The nutritional status of the elderly and their associated factors in Isfahan. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2007; 2(3): 340-5. [Persian] ##Ghorbani a, Karimzadeh T, Azadmanesh Y. Nutritional assessment in elderly hospitalized patients in Qazvin Teaching Hospitals in 2011. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2013; 8(1): 33-40. [Persian] ## Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001; 56(6): 366-72. ## Calvo I, Olivar J, Martínez E, Rico AG, Díaz JM, Gimena M. MNA® Mini Nutritional Assessment as a nutritional screening tool for hospitalized older adults; rationales and feasibility. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2012; 27(5): 1619-25. ## Almasi Hashyani A, Salehi M, Torke-Jokar B, Shamsi M. Evaluation of nutritional behavior of elderly people about prevention of gastric ulcers in Shiraz. Daneshvar. 2013; 20(102): 43-50. [Persian] ## Eftekhar Ardebili H, Lashkarboloki F, Jazayeri SA, Ariaei M, Minaei M. Nutritional status of elderly people. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2014; 12(2): 59-68. [Persian] ## Ghaffari S, Pourafkari L, Tajlil A, Sahebihagh MH, Mohammadpoorasl A, Tabrizi JS, et al. The prevalence, awareness and control rate of hypertension among elderly in northwest of Iran. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research. 2016; 8(4): 176-82. ##Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2009; 13(9): 782-8. ##De Luis D, López Mongil R, González Sagrado M, López Trigo J, Mora P, Castrodeza Sanz J. Evaluation of the mini-nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF) among institutionalized older patients in Spain. Nutricion Hospitalaria. 2011; 26(6): 1350-4. ##Nykänen I, Lönnroos E, Kautiainen H, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Nutritional screening in a population-based cohort of community-dwelling older people. European Journal of Public Health. 2013; 23(3): 405-9. ## Malek Mahdavi A, Mahdavi R, Lotfipour M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Faramarzi E. Evaluation of the Iranian Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form in Community-dwelling Elderly. Health Promotion Perspectives. 2015; 5(2): 98-103. ## Dos Santos DM, Sichieri R. Body mass index and measures of adiposity among elderly adults. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2005; 39(2): 163-8. ##Kolahdoz F, Najafi F. A textbook of National system for monitoring food security and nutrition in the food security situation in the country and developed the first map. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012. ## Aliabadi M, Kimiagar M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Shakeri MT, Nematy M, Ilaty AA, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in free living elderly people in Iran: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 17(2): 285-9. ## Ebrahimi Fakhar MR, Zand S. Nutritional status and associated factors in elderly residents in nursing homes Payesh. 2013; 12(2): 143-9.## Afkhami A, Keshavarz SA, Rahimi A, Jazayeri SA, Sadrzadeh H. Nutritional status and associated non-dietary factors in the elderly living in nursing homes of Tehran and Shemiranat. Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. 2008; 7(3): 211-7. [Persian] ## Ruiz-López MD, Artacho R, Oliva P, Moreno-Torres R, Bolaños J, de Teresa C, et al. Nutritional risk in institutionalized older women determined by the Mini Nutritional Assessment test: what are the main factors?. Nutrition. 2003; 19(9): 767-71. ## Beck AM, Ovesen L, Schroll M. A six months' prospective follow-up of 65+-y-old patients from general practice classified following to nutritional risk by the Mini Nutritional Assessment. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 55(11): 1028-33. ##Christenson L, Unosson M, Ek AC. Evaluation of nutritional assessment techniques in elderly people newly admitted to municipal care. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 56(9): 810-18 ##Vrdoljak D, Markovic BB, Kranjcevic K, Vucak J, Lalic DI. Short form of the mini nutritional assessment is a better proxy for nutritional status in elderly than the body mass index: cross‐sectional study. Healthy Aging Research. 2014; 3(9): 1-7. ## Morley JE. Decreased Food Intake With Aging. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2001; 56(2): 81-8. ## ##

Is Life Expectancy Associated with Depression in the Elderly? 2 2 Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders and risk factors for suicide in aging that often underdiagnosed and those who are more hopeful, suffer from less depression. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between life expectancy and depression among older people in Yazd, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 community-dwelling elderlies over 60 years of age, Yazd city. Eligible older people were selected using cluster sampling method. The data collection instrument included geriatric depression scale and The adult hope scale. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive frequency distribution, independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean score of depression and life expectancy in the elderly was 6.77 ± 3.17 and 39.52 ± 6.27, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between life expectancy and depression (r = -0.594 and p = 0.005), and a significant positive correlation between age and depression (r = 0.258 and p = 0.005). Conclusion: Considering that the depression score in the elderly was at a moderate level, and also considering that with decreasing life expectancy, depression increased in the elderly, psychological interventions focusing on preventing and reducing depression, and increasing the life expectancy, are recommended. 87 93 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/132017/07/212017/08/2 1396/5/11 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/192017/09/282017/10/20 1396/7/28 Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Nooshin Yoshani Nooshin Yoshani Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Zohreh Rahaei Zohreh Rahaei Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Farzaneh Amighi Farzaneh Amighi Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Depression Life Expectancy Aged Vaid N. Depression in the elderly. InnovAiT. 2015; 8(9): 555-61. ## Bastami F, Salahshoori A, Shirani F, Mohtashami A, Sharafkhani N. Risk factors of depression on the elderly: a review study. Journal of Gerontology. 2016; 1(2): 54-65. [Persian] ## Crogan NL, Evans BC. Quality improvement in nursing homes: identifying depressed residents is critical to improving quality of life. Arizona Geriatrics Society Journal. 2008; 13(1): 15-18. ## Malakouti K, Fathollahi P, Mirabzadeh A, Salavati M, Kahani S. Validation of geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) in Iran. Research in Medicine. 2006; 30(4): 361-9. [Persian] ## Donmez L, Gokkoca Z, Dedeoglu N. Disability and its effects on quality of life among older people living in Antalya city center, Turkey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2005; 40(2): 213-23. ##Hashizume Y, Kanagawa K. Correlates of participation in adult day care and quality of life in ambulatory frail elderly in Japan. Public Health Nursing. 1996; 13(6): 404-15. ## Leonardi M, RaggiA, Pagani M, Carella F, Soliveri P, Albanese A, et al. Relationships between disability, quality of life and prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2012; 18(1): 35-9. ## Shahbazi MR, Foroughan M, Salman Roghani R, Rahgozar M. The relationship between disability and variables of depression, cognitive status, and morale among older people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016; 11(1): 132-41. [Persian] ## Jadidi A, Farahaninia M, Janmohammadi S, Haghani H. The relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life among elderly people residing in Kahrizak senior house. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2011; 24(72): 48-56. [Persian] ## Saidimehr S, Gravandi S, Ezadmehr A, Hasani M. Study of relationship between spiritual health and depression among elderly people. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 23(3): 16-25. [Persian] ## Guralink J, Farmer M, Brazer M. Chorionic condition-in: established population for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Washington, DC: National Institute of Aging. 2001; 71(5): 107-10. ## Snyder CR. Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications: Academic press; 2000. ## St Leger L. Declarations, charters and statements–their role in health promotion. Oxford University Press; 2007. ##Chimich WT, Nekolaichuk CL. Exploring the links between depression, integrity, and hope in the elderly. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 49(7): 428-33. ## Manzouri L, Babak A, Merasi M. The Depression status of the elderly and it's related factors in Isfahan in 2007. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 4(4): 27-33. [Persian] ## Greenberg SA. The geriatric depression scale (GDS). Best Practices in Nursing Care to Older Adults. 2012; 4: 1-2. ##Ghazanfari M, Zamani E. The Relationship between memory self-efficacy and life expectancy with life quality in Esfahan elderly. Quarterly Journal of Health Breeze. 2016; 4(4): 29-34. [Persian] ## Kermani Z KM, Heidari M. Psychometric features of Omid Snyder's scale. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2011; 5(3): 7-23. [Persian] ## Ghasempour A, Hasanzade S, Babolan Adel Z. The role of forgiveness and psychological hardiness in prediction of hope. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2011; 12(45): 12-9. [Persian] ## Nemati Dehkordi SH, Nemati Dehkordi M, Nekooei A, Fruzande R. The effect of group reminiscence therapy on depression of elderly. Armaghane Danesh. 2008; 13(3): 57-64. [Persian] ## Adib-Hajbaghery M, Rajaei M. Lived experiences of elderly home residents: a qualitative study. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 15(5): 372-83. [Persian] ## Hassanpoor DA, Malekpoor F, Hosseiny RS, Rafiei H. Prevalence of depression among older adults with renal stone in who admitted to Kashani hospital in Shahrekord, 2013. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences. 2014; 3(3): 188-95. [Persian] ## Barzegar Bafrooei K, Ahali Abadeh M, Mohamadi GHaletaky S. Relationship between social support, sense of humor and life expectancy in elderly of Yazd city. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2015; 1(4) : 24-35. [Persian] ## Bagheri Zanjani Asl Monfared L, Entesar Foumany G. The effectiveness of group based hope- therapy on increasing resilience and hope in life expectancy in patients with breast cancer. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2016; 5(4): 56-62. [Persian] ## Firozeh Moghadam S, Borjali A, Sohrabi F. The Efficiency of happiness training to increase the hope in elderly people. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2014; 8(4): 67-72. [Persian] ## Pourebrahim TEA, Shafiabadi A, Sarami GR. Comparison of the effectiveness of groupcounseling therapy with multidimensional individual counseling on decreasing depression in elderly living in Tehran nursing homes. Journal of Counseling Research. 2007; 6(21): 49-68. [Persian] ## Azadi A TH, Bastami M, Bastami A, Pashaei sabet F. The study amount of anxiety and depression among elderly diabetic patients referred to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini in Ilam and Shohada Ashayer Hospitals in khoramabad 2015. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2016; 3(11): 1-9. [Persian] ##Mobasheri M, Moezy M. The prevalence of depression among the elderly population of Shaystegan and Jahandidegan nursing homes in Shahrekord. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2010; 12(2): 89-94. [Persian] ##Ghasemi A, Abedi A, Baghban I. The impact of group education based on snyder’s hop theory on the rate of happiness in eldery’s life. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2009; 11(41): 17-38. [Persian] ## Ebrahimi M, Azkhosh M, Foroughan M, Dolatshahi B, Shoaai F. Role of failure to forgive self, others and uncontrollable situations in predicting depression among the elderly. Iranian Journal of Aging. 2015; 10(1): 6-15. [Persian] ##Wells M. The effects of gender, age, and anxiety on hope: Differences in the expression of pathways and agency thought: Texas A & M University-Commerce; 2005. ## Yaka E, Keskinoglu P, Ucku R, Yener GG, Tunca Z. Prevalence and risk factors of depression among community dwelling elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2014; 59(1): 150-4. ## Imran A, Azidah AK, Asrenee AR, Rosediani M. Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among elderly patients in outpatient clinic of Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital. The Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2009; 64(2): 134-9. ## Von Korff M, Ormel J, Katon W, Lin EH. Disability and depression among high utilizers of health care: a longitudinal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992; 49(2): 91-100. ## Movahedi M, Movahedi Y, Farhadi A. Effect of hope therapy training on life expectancy and general health in cancer patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery. 2015; 25(2): 84-92. [Persian] ## Ghasemi A, Abedi A, Baghban I. Effectiveness of group training based on Snyder's hope theory on the happiness of the elderly. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology. 2000; 11(41): 17-40. [Persian]. ## ##

Social Support and Mental Health among Older Women in Iranshahr, Iran 2 2 Introduction: The growing trend of aging phenomenon has introduced the necessity of paying attention to perceived social support as an effective factor in promoting mental health of older women. Current literature suggests that the accessibility of appropriate social support can improve mental health and well- being among older women. This study aims to explore social support and mental health among older women, and relationship between in Iranshahr, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Iranshahr, Baluchestan province, Iran. A total of 400 elderly women aged over 65 years were recruited using multistage sampling. The data were collected utilizing Norbeck social support questionnaire (score range from 0 to 20) and general health questionnaires (score range from 0 to 84). Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze study findings. Results: Average mental health score of the participants was 24.1 (±11. 7), which reflects good mental health. Social functioning of mental health was significantly correlated with social, emotional and financial support. Mental health was also significantly correlated with age (r = 0.4, p ˂ 0.05) and marital status (F = 5.84, p ˂ 0.001). Conclusion: Our finding suggests that coherent social support can have a significant impact on mental health and social functions of older women, as such, interventions promoting mental health and social needs of elderly women are necessities in the context of Iranian culture. 94 98 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/132017/07/212017/08/22017/08/3 1396/5/12 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/192017/09/282017/10/202017/10/28 1396/8/6 Shamsodin Niknami Shamsodin Niknami Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Iran Hossein Izadi Rad Hossein Izadi Rad Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran Social Support Mental Health Older Women WHO. Ageing and Life Course. 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/ageing/en. Accessed Jan26, 2017. ##Statistical Center of Iran. General Population and Housing Census. 2014. Available at: http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=.Accessed Jan26, 2017. ## Fiori KL, Denckla CA. Social Support and Mental Health in Middle-Aged Men and Women. Journal of Aging and Health. 2012; 24(3): 407-38. ## Nilsson J, Rana AK, Kabir ZN. Social Capital and Quality of Life in Old Age: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Bangladesh. Journal of Aging and Health. 2009; 18(3): 419-34. ## Izadirad H, Niknami S, Zareban I, Hidarnia A. Effects of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Maternal Prenatal Cares Among the First-Time Pregnant Women, Iranshahr, Iran. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health. 2017; 11(2): 67-73.## Rashedi V, Gharib M, Yazdani AA. Social participation and mental health among older adults in Iran. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2014; 12(1): 9-13. ## Shalamzari A, Ezhey J, Fallah P, Kiamanesh A. The role of social support on life satisfaction, general health and loneliness among the elderly over 11 years old. The Journal of Psychology. 2002; 6(2): 115-33. ## Okabayashi H, Liang J, Krause N, Akiyama H, Sugisawa H. Mental health among older adults in Japan: do sources of social support and negative interaction make a difference?. Social Science & Medicine. 2004; 59(11): 2259-70. ## Wong ST, Wu A, Gregorich S, Pérez-Stable EJ. What type of social support influences self-reported physical and mental health among older women?. Journal of Aging and Health. 2014; 26(4): 663-78. ## Caetano SC, Silva CM, Vettore MV. Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. Biomedicine Central Geriatrics. 2013; 13(122): 1-14. ##Norbeck JS, Lindsey AM, Carrieri VL. Further development of The Norbeck social support questionnaire: normative data and validity testing. Nursing Research. 1983; 32(1): 4–9. ## Jalilian A, Rafiey H. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of Norbeck social support questionnaire. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science; 2008. ## Malakooti S, Mirabzadeh A, Fathollahi P, Salavati M, Kahali S, Ebrahimi A, et al. Reliability, validity and factor analysis of GHQ- 3 in Iranian elderly. Salmand, Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2006; 1(1): 1-21. [Persian] ##Williams R, Hunt K. Psychological distress among British south Asians: The contribution of stressful situations and sub-cultural differences in the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. Psychological Medicine. 1997; 27(5): 1173-81. ## Nabavi SH, Alipour F, Hejazi A, Rabani E, Rashedi V. Relationship between social support and mental health in older adults. Medical Journal of Mashhad. 2014; 57(7): 841-6. [Persian] ## Heine C, Browning CJ. Mental health and dual sensory loss in older adults: a systematic review. Frontiers Aging Neuroscience. 2014; 6(83): 1-9. ## Pasha G, Safarzadeh S, Meshak R. General health and social support in two groups of elders living in nursing homes and with families. Family Residences and Essential Enterprises. 2007; 3(9): 503-17. ## Tempier R, Balbuena L, Garety Ph, Craig TJ. Does assertive community outreach improve social support? Results from the Lambeth Study of early-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services. 2012; 63(3): 216-22. ## Seyfzadeh A. The relationship between perceived social support and health in the elderly Adults. Case study: Azarshahr. Journal of Gerontology. 2016; 1(1): 40-7. [Persian] ## Hosseini Zare SM, Movahed E, Pourreza A, Rahimi Foroshani A. The effect of social support on the health of the elderly in Tehran. Journal of Hospital. 2015; 13(4): 115-12. ## Mataji Amirrood M, Taghdisi M H, Shidfar F, Mahmood Reza G. The relationship between perceived social support and obesity preventive eating behavior in women of Urmia City in 2012. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014; 21(119): 1-11. [Persian] ## Wilson PK, Vandenberg RJ. Effects of Social Support at Work on Depression and Related Organizational Outcomes», the 130th Annual Meeting of APHA. 2002; 13. ## Wang X, Cai L, Qian J, Peng J. Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2014; 41(8): 1-5. ## Wang X. Subjective well-being associated with size of social network and social support of elderly. Journal of Health Psychology. 2014; 21(6): 44-51. ##Vahdaninia M, Goshtasebi A, Montazeri A, Maftoon F. Health-related quality of life in an elderly population in Iran: A population-based study. Payesh. 2005; 4(2): 113-20. [Persian] ##Simon M, Chen R, Dong X. Gender differences in perceived social support in US Chinese older adults. Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research. 2014; 3(4): 163-72. ## ##

Social Well-being within Aged Citizens in Ahwaz City, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Declining social participation and reduced engagement in communal activities among Khuzistani citizens are specifically more evident among the elderly than other age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the social well-being within Aged People in Ahwaz city. Methods: Via cross-sectional study in 2016, data were collected during interview with 382 samples (195 male and 187 female) 60 years old and above in accordance to cluster-multistage sampling method and the sample size were estimated by Cochran Formula as a whole. Data collection instrument was the version of 33 items of the Social Well-being Scale of Keyes. Data were analyzed by SPSS in descriptive statistics, F-test & geographical information system. Sampling method was cluster-ratio based on municipal zones, ethnicity, and gender. Results: Total scores of Scale of Social Well-being (Mean = 61.42, SD = 14.92) show the average rank of loneliness among participants (between 59.35 and 64.20). Arabs (Mean = 59.35, SD = 14.95) have a lower social well-being rank than other ethnic groups. The comparison of the social well-being by gender and ethnic characteristics illustrates that the variables have significant differences within the aged as well (N = 382, ρ £ 0.05).Regarding financial support and economic status of aged samples, those older persons who did not receive any financial support, had better rank of social well-being than aged who were supported (Mean = 64.89, SD = 16.22). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, aged minority ethnic group women faced inequalities regarding social well-being in Ahwaz City, Iran. 99 106 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/132017/07/212017/08/22017/08/32017/08/29 1396/6/7 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/192017/09/282017/10/202017/10/282017/11/9 1396/8/18 Maryam Hasanshahi Maryam Hasanshahi Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Abdolrahim Asadollahi Abdolrahim Asadollahi Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Jeyran Ostovarfar Jeyran Ostovarfar Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Nobaya Ahmad Nobaya Ahmad Department of Family Studies & Development, Faculty of Human Ecology, University of Putra, Serdang, Malaysia Iran Aged Female Male Social Well-being Iranian Population and Economic. Annual Report Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre, 2007. ## Klasen S. Gender-related indicators of well-being. Human Well-being: Springer. 2007: 167-92. ## Mousavi M. Social Participation as a Component of Social Capital. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2007; 6(4): 67-92. [Persian]##Saadat R. The estimation of level and distribution of social capital in Iran's provinces. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2007; 6(23): 173-197. [Persian] ## Fani Saberi L, Asadollahi A, Hoseinzadeh A, Ahmad N. Aging in Place within Elderly People in the Southwest Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2015; 1(2): 75-83. ## Saberi L, Asadollahi A, Nabavi S, Abhari F. Social participation and general health of aged citizens in khuzistan province (Iran): Literature, factors, and obstacles. World Applied Science Journal. 2011; 13(6): 1512-22. ## Faramarzi R, Hoseinzadeh A, Navvah A. Socioeconomic situation of elderly at nursing home in Ahwaz county/Iran [MA thesis]. University of Ahwaz; 2008. ## Betts-Adams K, Leibbrandt S, Moon H. A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and well-being in later life. Ageing & Society. 2011; 31(4): 683-712. ## Diener E, Heintzelman SJ, Kushlev K, Tay L, Wirtz D, Lutes LD, et al. Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology. 2017;58(2):87-104. ## Keyes CLM, Ryff CD. Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences. 1998. ## Keyes CL, Shapiro AD. Social well-being in the United States: A descriptive epidemiology. How healthy are we. 2004: 350-72. ## Joshanloo M, Ghaedi G. Development of the Short Form of Persian Version of Social Well-being Scale. Social Welfare. 2009; 8 (32): 183-204. [Persian] ## Keyes CLM. Subjective change and its consequences for emotional well-being. Motivation and Emotion. 2000; 24(2): 67-84. ## Keyes C.L. The exchange of emotional support with age and its relationship with emotional well-being by age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2002; 57(6): 518-25. ## Keyes C.L, Waterman MB. Dimensions of well-being and mental health in adulthood. 2003. ## World Health Organization. Mainstreaming Gender Equity in Health: the NEED to Move Forward, Madrid Statement. Geneva: WHO Press, 2002. ## Elwer S., Alex L., Hammarstrom A. Gender (in) equality among employees in elder care: implications for health. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2012; 11(1): 1-10. ## Kuzistan Statistics & Censu Centre. Local Census of Khuzistan Province on 2007, a report, Ahwaz. Iran: Khuzistan Statistic & Census Centre, 2007. ## Iran Statistic & Census Centre. Iranian Family and Economic; an annual report, (Rep. No. 90/REP.43).Tehran: Iran Statistic & Census Centre, 2012. ## ##

The Effect of Psychoeducation on Quality of Life and Dependency in Elderlies 2 2 Introduction: Quality of life and dependency are two important issues in elderly population. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the elderly psychoeducation on their quality of life and dependency in a day care center in Iran. Methods: A pre-post interventional design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a psychoeducation program on a convenient sample of 130 elderlies with randomized control group. Intervention procedure included a healthcare package which contained healthy lifestyle education, memory telling sessions, physical education, prayer meetings, art workshops and arranging excursions, all of which was delivered within 3 months. Quality of life short form (SF-12) and Lawton index of instumental activities of daily living (IADL) were assessed at baseline, after one month and three months later by a trained research coordinator. Covariance analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of the elderly psychoeducation on their psychophysical quality of life and their IADL status. Results: The mean score of physical quality of life at pretest in the experimental group was 35.70 ±8.80. These score,were 38.53 ± 8.32 and 39.27 ± 7.80 in the first and second posttestrespectively. In terms of psychological quality of life, the mean of pretest score in the experimental group was 41.59 ± 9.47. It was 43.26 ± 9.09 and 47.19 ± 8.98 in the first and second post-test but in the control group the mean had decreased. The mean score of IADL in pretest for the experimental group was 9.98 ± 2.56 in the post-test it was 10.49 ± 2.31and 10.69 ± 2.34 in the first and second post-test, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that psychoeducation for elderlies had a significant positive effect on psycho-physical quality of life and dependency. Therfore, psychoeducation can be helpful in day care centers. 107 112 2017/04/152017/05/22017/06/22017/06/182017/07/132017/07/212017/08/22017/08/32017/08/292017/08/29 1396/6/7 2017/12/202017/12/222017/07/302017/08/32017/09/192017/09/282017/10/202017/10/282017/11/92017/11/15 1396/8/24 Ahmad Abooee Ahmad Abooee Welfare Organization of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Robab Sahaf Robab Sahaf Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Ahmad Ali Akbari Kamrani Ahmad Ali Akbari Kamrani Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mohammad Hasan Lotfi Mohammad Hasan Lotfi Department of Biostatics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fatemeh Heidari Fatemeh Heidari Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Nazila Shahmansouri Nazila Shahmansouri Department of Psychiatry, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Elderly Psychoeducation Quality of Life Dependency Matsuo M, Nagasawa j, Yoshino A, Hiramatsu K, kurashik K. 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