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Health and Socio-Economics of the Elderly 2 2 Aging is reviewed by a variety of disciplines; demographers, sociologists, economists, health scientists, and politicians. However, there are still great disputes over aging because of its economic roles, and health expenditures. Several questions about aging should be answered. Is aging an illness? Are aged people a burden to community? Is it a threat, or an achievement? (1). There are opposite views, either clinically or economically developed with regard to these questions, about aged people’s health and their health expenditures. Clinical view of aging is determined by dominance of chronic disease. These types of illness, was believed to belong to developed countries, well-to-do class, and aged populations. Today, however, developing countries, working class, and even young generation are suffered from theses illnesses (2). Aged people are neither homogeneous nor suffer similar pattern of illnesses. Moreover, gender and sex affect the health status of men and women differently. Apparently in old ages, socio-economic and gender gaps, are widen because of feminization of elderly and poverty. 1 2 2018/01/9 1396/10/19 2018/05/29 1397/3/8 Masoumeh Najafi Gharebolagh Masoumeh Najafi Gharebolagh Department of Health Management & Economy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Abolghasem Pourreza Abolghasem Pourreza Department of Health Management & Economy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran abolghasemp@yahoo.com Health subsistence elderly Pourreza A, Khabiri Nemati R. Health economicsand aging. Journal of Salmand. 2007; 1(2): 80-7.##World Health Organization. Though choices:investment in health for development. India: 2006.##Bloom DE, Canning D, Fink G. Implications ofpopulation ageing for economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2010; 26(4): 583-612.##Sadeghifasaee S, Khademi A. narratives of elderlywomen about living in the modern world. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2013; 8(15): 123-40.##Bloom DE, Canning D, Lubet A. Global populationaging: Facts, challenges, solutions & perspectives. Daedalus. 2015; 144(2): 80-92.##Shirazikhah M, Mousavi M, Sahaf R. Study ofhealth and social indicators of elderly women in Iran. Journal of Salmand. 2012; 6(23): 66-78.##Scott A, Maynard A, Elliott R, editors. Advances inhealth economics. John Wiley & Sons; 2005.##Feldstein P.J. Health care economics. Jangalpublication; 1994.## ##

Comments on Common Intestinal Parasites in Elderly People 2 2  Intestinal parasites (IP) are one of the most significant causes of infections among the eldely in developing countries, especially in tropical areas. Trichuris trichiura and Ancylostoma duodenale infect near 2.3 billion people, especially in elderly in all around the world (1). Intestinal protozoan like Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum are widespread in old people too and in addition to this mentioned IP, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis nana are other most reported IP in them. IP repeatedly was reported among old people in whole the world because of their easily transmission ways and due to debilitation of old people’s health system. A large number of affected elderly people by IP are living in nursing home and elderly care centers especially with poor sanitary and high population density highly prone to these contaminations. On the other hand, by looking at the elderly care centers in our country, unfortunately it seems that the some of them have poor sanitary conditions. in a study by Rasti et. al. to determine the prevalence of IP in elderly and handicapped people in a governmental nursing home in Kashan with 243 residents, 191 people (78.6%) were infected at least by one IP. A total of 11 types of IP was detected in this survey with Blastocystis hominis as a protozoan and Strongyloides stercoralis as a helminth highest prevalent IP in this center (2). Other developing countries also have a similar situation as our country. In a similar research by Shakya et. al. in rural areas of Nepal, from 235 elderly sampled people (41.7%) were infected by just one IP, and 30.6% had multiple parasitism (3). In general, physical problems and low personal hygiene along with dysfunction or malfunction of immune system, intestinal flora change, reduction of intestinal motility and finally achlorhydria make old people more prone to several infections cause by IP too. (4,5) 3 3 2018/01/92017/07/23 1396/5/1 2018/05/292018/06/9 1397/3/19 Emad Ahmadiara Emad Ahmadiara Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran ahmadiarae@ut.ac.ir Bahador Hajimohammadi Bahador Hajimohammadi Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of MedicalSciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hajimohammadi.b@ssu.ac.ir Intestinal parasites (IP) elderly people health system World Health Organization. The World HealthReport: conquering suffering enriching humanity, Geneva. 1997. Available from: apps.who.int/bookorders/MDIbookPDF/Book/12401997.pdf [Accessed on 22 July 2017].##Rasti S, Arbabi M, Hooshyar H. Prevalence ofintestinal parasitic infections among the geriatric and disabled in Golabchi Center of Kashan during 2006-2007. Feyz. 2009; 12 (4) :78-82. [Persian]##Shakya B, Rai SK, Singh A, Shrestha A. Intestinalparasitosis among the elderly people in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Medical College Journal. 2006; 8(4): 243-7.##Chan MS, Medley GF, Jamison D, Bundy DA. Theevaluation of potential global morbidity attributable to intestinal nematode infection. Parasitology. 1994; 109: 373-87.##Engroffa P, Ely LS, Da Silva AB, Viegas K,Loureiroe F, Gomese I, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in the elderly enrolled in the family health strategy in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging. 2016; 10(3): 132-9.## ##

Quality Of Life among Elderly: The View from Appetite and Anthropometry Characteristic Perspective 2 2 Introduction: The world’s population ageing is poised to growth in number including in Malaysia. In conjunction with the transition of the nation toward ageing population, the Quality of Life (QoL) among elderly should be maintain or improved to good level. This study was to investigate the relationship between appetite, anthropometric characteristic and QoL among elderly people in the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) Schemes, Johor, Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a total of 269 elderly (130 men and 139 women), with mean age of 69.50 ± 5.221. Elderly in FELDA Air Tawar 4, FELDA Air Tawar 5 and FELDA Bukit Batu were sampled using probability proportionate to size sampling. Data on age, monthly income and marital status were collected using questionnaire guided face-to-face Interviewed by trained researcher through house to house visit. Appetite was measured with Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire, height with stadiometer, weight with weighing scale, waist circumference with measuring tape and QoL with Short Form-36. The findings were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22 software. Results: The majority of subjects were classified as good appetite, obese and large waist circumference. Role limitations due to emotional problems domain was highest mean score of QoL, while physical functioning domain the lowest mean score of QoL. Appetite (r = 0.260; p < 0.001), body mass index (r = -0.136; p < 0.001) and waist circumference (r = -0.191; p = 0.002) were correlated with physical component summary of QoL. However, they were not correlated with mental health component summary of QoL. Conclusion: Most of the elderly are at good level of appetite, in obesity weight group, high risk of co-morbidities based on waist circumference measurement and at sensible level of QoL. Furthermore, as appetite, body mass index and waist circumference do have relation with physical component summary of QoL, thus, it is pivotal to include those factors as domain in planning health promotion program with aimed to increase QoL level among the elderly. 4 10 2018/01/92017/07/232018/04/30 1397/2/10 2018/05/292018/06/92018/05/27 1397/3/6 Azam Syafinas Azam Syafinas Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia syafinasazam@gmail.com Adznam Siti Nur ‘Asyura Adznam Siti Nur ‘Asyura Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia asyura@upm.edu.my Mun Chan Yoke Mun Chan Yoke Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia cym@upm.edu.my Ibrahim Zuriati Ibrahim Zuriati Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia zuriatiib@upm.edu.my Taib Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib Mohd Nasir Mohd Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia nasir.jpsk@gmail.com Hamzah Nur Aqlili Riana Hamzah Nur Aqlili Riana Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia Malaysia aqlilihamzah@gmail.com Quality of Life Appetite Body Mass Index Waist Circumference Aged United Nation, Department of economic andsocial affairs. World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision. New York: 2017.##Department of Statistics. Current populationestimates. Putrajaya; 2017.##World Health Organization and Quality of Life(WHOQOL) group. Development of WHOQOL: Rationale and current status. International Journal of Mental Health. 1994; 23(3): 24-56.##Kumar GS, Majumdar A, Pavitha G. Quality oflife (QOL) and its associated factors using WHOQOL-BREF among elderly in urban Puducherry, India. Journal Clincal Diagnostic Research. 2014; 8(1): 54-57.##Mafauzy M. the problem and challenges of theaging population of Malaysia. The Malays Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000; 7(1):1-3.##Lee SM, Joo N. A study on the model ofhomebound senior’s meal satisfaction related to the quality of life. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2012; 6(4): 357-365.##Pilgrim A, Robinson S, Sayer AA, Roberts H. Anoverview of appetite decline in older people. Nurs Older People. 2015; 27(5): 29-35.##Samnieng P. Appetite loss and related factors incommunity dwelling elderly thai. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 2014; 10(1): 23-30.##Rosnah MY, Mohd Riza H, Sharifah NorazizanSAR. Anthropometry dimensions of older malaysians: comparison of age, gender and ethnicity. Asian Social Science. 2009; 5(6): 133-140.##World Health Organization. Other diet-related riskfactors and physical activity. The world health report 2002 – Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva; 2012##Chen ST, Ngoh HJ, Harith S. Prevalence ofMalnutrition among institutionalized elderly people in Nothern Peninsular Malaysia: gender, ethinicity and age-specific. Sains Malays. 2012; 41(1): 141-8.##Suzana S, Siti Saifa H. Validation of nutritionalscreening tools against anthropometric and functional assessments among elderly people in Selangor. Malays Journal Nutrition. 2007; 13(1): 29-44.##Yan LL, Daviglus ML, Liu K, Pirzada A, GarsideDB, Schiffer L, et al. BMI and health-related quality of life in adults 65 years and older. Obesity Research. 2004; 12(1): 69-76.##Lopez-Garcia E, Banegas Banegas JR, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Perez-Regadera AG, Ganan L, Rodriquez-Artalejo F. Relation between body weight and health-related quality of life among the elderly in Spain. Intrnational Journal of Obesity. 2013; 27(6):710-9.##Visscher TL, Seidell JC, Molarius A, Van derKuip D, Hofman A, Witteman JC. A comparison of body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality among the elderly: the Rotterdam study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2001; 25(11): 1730-5.##Banegas JR, López-García E, Graciani A, Guallar-Castillón P, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Alonso J, et al. Relationship between obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and health-related quality of life among the elderly. 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Report of a WHO Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894). Geneva: 2000.##Nygaard HA. Measuring body mass index (BMI)in nursing home residents: The usefulness of measurement of arm span. Scandinavian Journal Primary Health Care. 2008; 26(1): 46-9.##Ware JEJ, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-itemshort-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care. 1992; 30(6): 473-83.##Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. The rand36‐item health survey 1.0. Health economics. 1993 ;2(3):217-27.##Ibrahim N, Teo SLS, Che Din N, Abdul GaforAH, Ismail R. The role of personality and social support in health-related quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): 1-11.##Ware JE, Kosinski M. Intrepreting SF-36summary health measures: A response. Quality of Life Research. 2001; 10(5): 405-13.##Suzana S, Boon PC, Chan PP, Normah CD.Malnutrition risk and its association with appetite, functional and psychosocial status among elderly Malays in Agricultural Settlement. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2013; 19(1): 65-75.##Performance Management and Delivery Unit,Department of Prime Minister. 1 Malaysia Government Transformation Programme The Roadmap-Executive Summary. Putrajaya:2010. Accessed on 20 April 2018.##Fauziana R, Jeyagurunathan A, Abdin E,Vaingankar J, Sagayaevan V, Shafie S, et al. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and risk of chronic medical conition in the elderly population: results from the Well-being of Singapore Elderly (WiSE) Study. BMC Geriatrics. 2016; 16: 125-33.##Tzotzas T, Vlahavas G, Papaopoulou SK,Kapantais E, Kaklamanaou D, Hassapiou M. Marital status and educational level associated to obesity in Greek adults: ata from the national epidemiological survey. 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Predictors of Healthy Nutrition Behaviors among Elderlies of Kalat County based on Health Belief Model 2 2 Introduction: Rapid changes in lifestyle, especially in nutritional aspects of the elderly, have led to many chronic diseases. Therefore, attention to nutritional needs of the elderly is an essential issue. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of healthy nutrition behaviors based on health belief model (HBM) in the elderlies of Kalat city, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 elderlies aged 60 years and older who were covered by comprehensive health services centers in the city of Kalat. The participants were selected by multistage random sampling. The data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring HBM constructs regarding healthy nutrition and also a Food Frequency Questionnaire for measuring Healthy nutrition behaviors. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results: The mean score of nutritional knowledge of the elderlies was 7.75 ± 2.14 (possible score 0-15) and the mean score of healthy nutrition behaviors was 1.62 ± 1. 23 (possible score 0-5). Healthy nutrition behaviors were significantly correlated with perceived benefits (r = 0.254), self-efficacy (r = 0.244) and cues to action (r = 0.334) (p < 0.05). Linear regression showed that cues to action (β = 0.353), perceived benefits (β = 0.199) and self-efficacy (β = 0.181) were significant predictors of healthy nutrition behaviors. Conclusion: The level of healthy nutrition behaviors in the elderlies is not desirable, and cues to action, perceived benefits and self-efficacy are the most important predictors of these behaviors. Paying attention to these factors helps educators and other health professionals in designing appropriate intervention programs. 11 17 2018/01/92017/07/232018/04/302018/02/18 1396/11/29 2018/05/292018/06/92018/05/272018/05/29 1397/3/8 Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Fahimeh Amani Fahimeh Amani Department of Ageing Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran amanifa59@gmail.com Fatemeh Kaseb Fatemeh Kaseb Department of Nutrition, Paramedical Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Health Belief Model Nutrition Behavior Knowledge Aged Constans T. Malnutrition in the elderly. La Revuedu praticien. 2003; 53 (3): 275-9.##Nieuwenhuizen WF, Weenen H, Rigby P,Hetherington MM. Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake. Clinical Nutrition. 2010; 29(2): 160-9.##Appleton KM. Increases in energy, protein and fatintake following the addition of sauce to an older person’s meal. Appetite. 2009; 52(1): 161-5.##De Marchi RJ, Hugo FN, Hilgert JB, PadilhaDMP. Association between oral health status and nutritional status in south Brazilian independent-living older people. Nutrition. 2008; 24(6): 546-53.##Smeltzer SC, Bare BG, Hinkle JL, CheeverKH, Townsend MC, Gould B. Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medicalsurgical nursing. 10th edition. Philadelphia: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.##Masomy N, Jefroodi S, Ghanbari A, KazemnejadE, Shojaei F, Rafiei A. Nutritional Status Assessment and Related Factors in the Retired Senile. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 21(84): 65-70.##Ulger Z, Halil M, Kalan I, Yavuz BB,Cankurtaran M, Gungor E, et al. Comprehensive assessment of malnutrition risk and related factors in a large group of community-dwelling older adults. Clinical Nutrition. 2010; 29(4): 507-11.##Miller LMS, Gibson TN, Applegate EA.Predictors of nutrition information comprehension in adulthood. Patient Education and Counseling. 2010; 80(1): 107-12.##Saffari M, Shojaeizade D. Principles andfoundations of health promotion and education. 1st ed.Tehran: Samat Publications; 2008. P. 82-175. [Pesian]##Shamsi MO, Bayati AK, Mohamadbeygi A,Tajik R. The effect of educational program based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive behavior of self-medication in woman with pregnancy in Arak, Iran. Pejouhandeh. 2010; 14(6): 324-31. [Persian]##Sharifirad G, Entezari MH, Kamran A,Azadbakht L. The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2009; 14(1): 1-6.##Soleymani L, Tahmasbi R. Knowledge, attitudeand practice declaration of Elderly in Ahram city toward nutrition behavior in 2013. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2015; 18(2): 370-82.##Al Riyami A, Al Hadabi S, Aty A, Al KharusiH, Morsi M, Jaju S. Nutrition knowledge, beliefs and dietary habits among elderly people in Nizwa, Oman: implications for policy. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2010;16(8):859-67.##Tanjani PT, Motlagh ME, Nazar MM, Najafi F.The health status of the elderly population of Iran in 2012. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2015; 60(2): 281-7.##Shaw A, Fulton L, Davis C, Hogbin M. Usingthe food guide pyramid: a resource for nutrition educators. US Department of Agriculture Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services Center For Nutrition Policy and Promotion, 1996. Available from http://www. nal. usda. gov/fnic/Fpyr/guide. pdf. 1996. Accessed on 2017 May 10##Ghorbani A, Karimzadeh T, Azadmanesh Y.Nutritional Assessment in Elderly Hospitalized Patients in Qazvin Teaching Hospitals in 2011. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2013; 8(1): 33-40. [Persian]##Karimy M, Taher M, Azarpira H. Measurementof Health Belief Model Construct in Relation With Nutritional Practices of Pregnant Women in Saveh University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Hamadan Nursing and Midwifery. 2016; 24(3):167-73.[Persian]##Zareban I, Karimy M, Niknami S, Haidarnia A,Rakhshani F. The effect of self-care education program on reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2014; 3(1): 123. [Persian].## ##

Health Promoting Behaviors and General Health among the Elderly in Qazvin: A Cross Sectional Study 2 2 Introduction: Health promoting behaviors (HPBs) are one of the main criteria to determine health. HPBs have a complex nature and are influenced by several factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between HPBs and general health in the elderly in Qazvin. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 372 older people were enrolled using convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaire, HPBs checklist, and Goldberg and Hillier's 12-items of the General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and chi-square test. Results: The results showed that 21% of the elderly were not in a desirable general health status. Walking (61%) and using low-fat foods (73.9%) were among the most uncommon HPBs while lack of alcohol consumption (97%) and blood pressure control (95.4%) were among the most common HPBs. The elderly who walked reported a significantly higher general health (P < 0.001), while the elderly who reported using low-salt (P = 0.008) and low-fat (P = 0.008) diet had a significantly lower general health. Conclusion: While the rate of doing certain HPBs, such as walking, was not good, almost 80% of the subjects were in a satisfactory general health status. Efforts to expand and improve HPBs, especially walking, in the elderly can affect their general health status. 18 22 2018/01/92017/07/232018/04/302018/02/182018/04/16 1397/1/27 2018/05/292018/06/92018/05/272018/05/292018/06/9 1397/3/19 leila dehghankar leila dehghankar Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran dehghan247@gmail.com Akram Shahrokhi Akram Shahrokhi Department of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin , Iran Iran a.shahrokhi@qums.ac.ir Arina Qolizadeh Arina Qolizadeh Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran Qolizadeh@yahoo.com Fatemeh Mohammadi Fatemeh Mohammadi Department of Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran Mohammadi@gmail.com Elnaz Nasiri Elnaz Nasiri Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran elnaz_nasiri130@yahoo.com Health Aged Health Promotion Behavior Mayer CH, Williams B, Wagner EH, LoGerfo JP,Cheadle A, Phelan EA. Health care costs and participation in a community– based health promotion program for older adults. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2010; 7(2): 1-8.##Senol V, Unalan D, Soyuer F, Argun M. Therelationship between health promoting behaviors and quality of life in nursing home residents in Kayseri. Journal of Geriatrics. 2014; 1-8.##Kim SH. Older people’s expectations regardingageing, health-promoting behaviour and health status. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009; 65(1): 84–91.##Harooni J, Hassanzadeh A, Mostafavi F.Influencing factors on health promoting behavior among the elderly living in the community. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2014; 3: 40.##Yeom HE. Symptoms, aging-stereotyped beliefs,and health-promoting behaviors of older women with and without osteoarthritis. Geriatric Nursing. 2013; 34(4); 307-13.##Ghorbani A, Karimzadeh T, Azadmanesh Y.Nutritional assessment in elderly hospitalized patients in Qazvin teaching hospitals in 2011. 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Translation, reliability and validity of the 12-item General Health(GHQ). Payesh Journal. 2002; 1(3): 39-46. [Persian]##McBee S, Cotugna N, Vickery CE. Fruit andvegetable consumption in an elderly population. Nutrition for Elderly. 2001; 21(1): 59-67.##Montazeri A, Harirchi AM, Shariati M,Garmaroudi G, Ebadi M, Fateh A. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2003; 1(1): 66.##Lee TW, Ko IS, Lee kJ. Health promotionbehaviors and quality of life among community– dwelling elderly in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006; 43(3): 293-300.##Salehi L, Eftekhar H, Mohammad K, TaghdisiMH, Shojaeizadeh D. Physical activity among a sample of Iranians aged over 60 years: An application of the transtheoretical model. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2010; 13(6): 528-36.## ##

Elderly and Care Givers’ Experiences of Transfer to Nursing Homes in Bam City: A Qualitative Study 2 2 Introduction: The elderly population has increased rapidly in recent decades, and consequently, admission to nursing homes is growing, but their experiences of this transfer have not been paid adequate attention. The aim of this study is to explain the elderly and care givers’ experiences of transfer to nursing homes in Bam city, Kerman Province, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted using a phenomenological approach in 2017. Participants were the elderly residents in the nursing homes in Bam city and their care givers. Sampling was done till data saturation. Sixteen elderly people and 6 their care givers were participated in the study by purposeful sampling. Data collection methods were unstructured in-depth interview and field-notes. Data were analyzed by seven-stage Colaizzi's method. Results: The data analysis identified 47 initial and conceptual codes that categorized the causes of transfer in 2 categories from the viewpoint of the care givers and of the elders and 4 sub-categories (the elders' problems, the family problems, compulsory transfer and voluntary transfer). Conclusion: Participants' statements indicated that most elderly people were not happy with their transfer to nursing homes, although some are satisfy with their transfer. Therefore, formal and non-formal education should be offered regarding respect for the elderly, the use of their experiences, getting their satisfaction before transferring to the nursing homes, and regulating, meetings program with them by their family, friends, and even all sections of society as much as possible. 23 28 2018/01/92017/07/232018/04/302018/02/182018/04/162018/02/12 1396/11/23 2018/05/292018/06/92018/05/272018/05/292018/06/92018/05/29 1397/3/8 mohammadali rezaei mohammadali rezaei Department Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Iran neda mohammadinia neda mohammadinia Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Iran nedamohammadinia@yahoo.com Qualitative Research Nursing Homes Iran Aged Adib Hajbaghery M, Aminolroayaee Yamini E.Experiences of Kashan's elementary students of the elderly hospice. 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[Persian]##Afzalei SM, Etemadifar SH, Aslani Y, HasanPour A, Keirani Z. Assessment of psychosomatic health status in elderly population that coverage by Shahre - Kord Behzisty center. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2007; 15 (1): 38-48. [Persian]##Salarvand Sh, Abedi H. The elder causes andmotivations of resident in home nursing. Feiz Journal. 2008; 2(12): 32. [Persian]##Iman MT, Shirdel E. The experience ofemotional well-being of the elderly people residing in nursing homes: a phenomenological study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences. 2017; 6(3): 277-95. [Persian]##Hesamzadeh A, Maddah SB, Mohammadi F,Fallahi Khoshknab M, Rahgozar M. Comparison of elderlies "quality of life" living at homes and in private or public nursing homes. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 2010; 4(4): 66-74. [Persian]##Courts NF, Barba BE, Tesh A. Familycaregivers' attitudes toward aging, caregiving, and nursing home placement. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2001; 27(8): 44-52.##Ferrah N, Murphy BJ, Ibrahim JE, Bugeja LC,Winbolt M, LoGiudice D, et al. Resident-to-resident physical aggression leading to injury in nursing homes: a systematic review. Age and Ageing. 2015; 44(3): 356-64.##Mokhtari F, Ghasemi N. Comparison ofelderly's' quality of life and mental health living in nursing homes and members of retired club of Shiraz city. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010; 5(18): 53-63. [Persian]##Rijnaard MD, Van Hoof J, Janssen BM, VerbeekH, Pocornie W, Eijkelenboom A, et al. The factors influencing the sense of home in nursing homes: a systematic review from the perspective of residents. Journal of Aging Research. 2016; 1-16.##Lee DT, Woo J, Mackenzie AE. The culturalcontext of adjusting to nursing home life: Chinese elders' perspectives. Gerontologist. 2002; 42(5): 667-75.##Ried M, Mantovan F, Them C. Being a nursinghome resident: a challenge to one's identity. 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Medication Problems from the Perspective of the Elderly: a Qualitative Study 2 2 Introduction: Aging is associated with non-communicable diseases and it gives rise to increase drug consumption. Regarding deeper cognition of the subject, a qualitative study was accomplished for recognition of taking medication problems from the elderly's viewpoint in Hamadan health centers. Methods: The present qualitative study was done through conventional content analysis. The data were collected using semi-structured deep interviews with 15 elderlies referred to health-care centers in Hamadan. The participants were selected through purposive sampling from both genders and maximum variation of age, social and economic class and education level. Data strength was confirmed by member and external check. All the interviews were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis method. Results: Analyzing data led to extraction of 7 themes of ignorance to medication use, medication forgetfulness, physical and mental status of the elderly, need to others help and support in medication use, relative negligence, economic and environmental problems in addition to 22 sub-themes of taking medication problems from elderly's viewpoint. Conclusion: Study represented elderly people having some personal and environmental problems regarding medication. Alternatively, drug consumption difficulties in old people led to other side effects, individual's problems, and some problems related to their health.   29 34 2018/01/92017/07/232018/04/302018/02/182018/04/162018/02/122017/10/30 1396/8/8 2018/05/292018/06/92018/05/272018/05/292018/06/92018/05/292018/06/12 1397/3/22 Parisa Parsa Parisa Parsa Chronic Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran Maryam Afshari Maryam Afshari Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran afshari_m20@yahoo.com Ali Reza Moradi Ali Reza Moradi Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Midwifery, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj,Iran Iran Maliheh Araghchian Maliheh Araghchian Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran Medication Use Qualitative Research Aged Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti M. 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Assessment of medication adherence in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases based on demographic factors in Bushehr city in the year 2013. Jundishapur Journal Chronic Disease Care. 2015; 4(3): 49-53.##Delshad A, Salari H, Hashemian H. The amountof medication use in older adults using formulas Cockeroft-goult. Ofoghedanesh. 2005; 10(4): 53-8. [Persian]##Samadi S, Bayat A, Taheri M, Joneid B, Rooz-Bahani N. Knowledge, attitude and practice of elderly towards lifestyle during aging. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 11(1): 83-4. [Persian]##Notenboom K, Beers E, Van Riet-Nales DA,Egberts TCG, Leufkens HGM, Jansen PAF, et al. Practical problems with medication use that older people experience: A qualitative study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2014; 62(12): 2339–44.##Nikolaus T, Kruse W, Bach M, Specht-Leible N,Oster P, Schlierf G. Elderly patients' problems with medication. 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