A Need to Address Different Dimensions of Aging Challenges of Iranian Elderly for Publishing in Elderly Health Journal 2 2 According to a report by world health organization (WHO) in 2018, the population of the elderly over 60 years will double from 2015 to 2050, and will increase between12% to 22%. Also, in 2050, 80 % of the elderly will be from low and middle-income countries. Though population changes toward aging has begun from developed countries such as Japan, but in the middle of the 20th century, the elderly population of Iran has reached a notable level. WHO considered hearing loss, cataract and refractive errors, back and neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression and dementia as common public health problems of elderly population .It also noted environmental, social and physical conditions of individuals including homes, neighborhoods, and communities as factors of healthy aging due to their significant influence on the development and maintenance of health behaviors 1 2 2019/05/15 1398/2/25 2019/06/27 1398/4/6 Masoumeh Abbasi-Shavazi Masoumeh Abbasi-Shavazi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mabbasishavazie@gmail.com Zainab Anbari-Nogyni Zainab Anbari-Nogyni Department of Aging Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Iran z.anbari2020@gmail.com Aging challenges Elderly Health journal World Health Organization. Ageing and health [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/ ageing-and-health##Kenner AM. Securing the elderly body: dementia, surveillance, and the politics of" Aging in Place". Surveillance & Society. 2008; 5(3): 247-65.## Yazdi zadeh B, Najat S, Tahari p, Magdzadeh S.R, Shah Moradi S. Develop of a multi- sectorial national action plan to promote elderly health and active aging in Iran. Tehran: Andisheh Mandegar; 2017.#### ##

Home Health Care: The Necessity in the Health Policy of Iran 2 2 Home health care is a wide range of health care services that can be given in your home for an illness or injury (1). During last decade, home health care is taken into consideration seriously. The concept of home health care began in the 1850's when traveling health care professionals provided in-home visits to patients in need of health care and unable to seek such care on their own (2). Now, these cares are used primarily to provide long-term care (3). In the inadequate access to these services in the home, the care of seriously and chronically ill elderly and terminal patients is frequently relegated to hospital and long-term care facilities, or to traditional home nursing services supplemented by episodic emergency room visits and crisis hospitalizations (4). This can be costly for governments, insurance companies and families as well as elder people prefer take care at home. Elderly health in Iran is of newly established issues (5, 6). Elder people have several needs such as insurance, psycho-social support, and health services which means that home health care services are an inevitable necessity. For example about wound care for pressure sores or a surgical wound, patient and caregiver education, intravenous or nutrition therapy, injections, and monitoring serious illness and unstable health status (1). 3 4 2019/05/152019/01/19 1397/10/29 2019/06/272019/05/14 1398/2/24 Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran asadat1392@gmail.com elderly Iran health system Medicare.gov. what’s home health care? [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare covers/whats-home-health-care##Chen Y, Mintun TG, inventors; Visiting Nurse Service Inc, Indiana University Foundation, assignee. Intelligent remote visual monitoring system for home health care service. United States patent US, 1996; 5,553,609. ##Welch HG, Wennberg DE, Welch WP. The use of Medicare home health care services. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996; 335(5): 324-9. ##Zimmer JG., Groth-Juncker A, McCusker, J. A randomized controlled study of a home health care team. American Journal of Public Health. 1985; 75(2): 134-41.## Kalateh SA. Elderly and home care: the responsibility of nursing academy for attention to community approach in Iran. Healthy Aging Research. 2018; 7(156): 1-2..##Imanieh, MH., Sadati, AK., Moghadami, M, Hemmati, A. Introducing the Urban Community Health Center (UCHC) as a nascent local model: Will it be a linchpin in the health sector reform in Iran?. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2015; 4(5): 331-2.#### ##

Epidemiological Profile and Incidence of Hip Fractures in Greece 2 2 Introduction: This study was designed to determine the epidemiological profile of hip fractures among Greek population with special importance to the cause of fracture, their characteristics, the treatment instituted and to assess the incidence. Methods: The current study conducted in a single hospital in the northern part of Greece, in the regional unit of Grevena, during the 2016 calendar year. Patients themselves, or a relative member or a caregiver, were interviewed by a questionnaire regarding to the past medical history, time and place of the fracture occurrences. Results: The 73 patients included in the study presented a mean age of 83.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.17. Falling from the same level was the cause of 97.6% of the fractures. Transtrochanteric fractures accounted for 52.1% of the fractures, femoral neck fractures, 38.4% and subtrochanteric fractures, 9.6%. More fractures are seen during the summer months (32.9%), inside the house (61.6%) and during the morning (49.3%). The overall annual incidence rate was 672.2 per 100,000 inhabitants (442.6 and 882.9 per 100,000 male and female, respectively). Length of waiting time to surgery was 1.87 days and length of hospital stay was 8.46 days, without statistical significance according to the type of surgery, the age group and the associated comorbidities. Hypertension (87.7%) was the most common comorbidity, followed by heart disease (50.7%) and depression (31.5%). Conclusion: The patients attended at this hospital presented an epidemiological profile similar to the worldwide literature. Hip fracture rates in the region of Grevena are higher than other regions in Greece, such as Athens and Crete. 5 11 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/16 1397/10/26 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/10 1398/1/21 Angelo Vasiliadis Angelo Vasiliadis Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Grevena, Grevena, Greece Greece vasiliadis.av@gmail.com George Charitoudis George Charitoudis Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Grevena, Grevena, Greece Greece haritoudis@googlemail.com Dimitrios Giotis Dimitrios Giotis Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Grevena, Grevena, Greece Greece dimitris.p.giotis@gmail.com Hip fractures Epidemiology Incidence Seasonal variations Greece Maalouf G, Bachour F, Hlais S, Maalouf NM, Yazbeck P, Yaghi Y, et al. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Lebanon: a nationwide survey. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013; 99(6): 675-80.##Lyritis GP, Rizou S, Galanos A, Makras P. Incidence of hip fractures in Greece during a 30-year period: 1977-2007. Osteoporosis International. 2013; 24(5): 1579-85.##Tan ST, Tan WP, Jaipaul J, Chan SP, Sathappan SS. Clinical outcomes and hospital length of stay in 2,756 elderly patients with hip fractures: a comparison of surgical and non-surgical management. Singapore Medical Journal. 2017; 58(5): 253-7.##El Maghraoui A, Koumba BA, Jroundi I, Achemlal L, Bezza A, Tazi MA. Epidemiology of hip fractures in 2002 in Rabat, Morocco. Osteoporosis International. 2005; 16(6): 597-602.##Herrera A, Martínez AA, Ferrandez L, Gil E, Moreno A. Epidemiology of osteoporotic hip fractures in Spain. International Orthopaedics. 2006; 30(1): 11-4.##Daniachi D, Netto Ados S, Ono NK, Guimarães RP, Polesello GC, Honda EK. Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal third of the femur in elderly patients. Revista Brasileira De Ortopedia. 2015; 50(4): 371-7.## World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th revision. World Health Organization; 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/.##Dretakis EK, Giaourakis G, Steriopoulos K. Increasing incidence of hip fracture in Crete. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992; 63(2): 150-1.##Stevens JA, Sogolow ED. Gender differences for non-fatal unintentional fall related injuries among older adults. Injury Prevention. 2005; 11(2): 115-9.##Kim SR, Ha YC, Kim JR, Kim R, KimSY, Koo KH. Incidence of hip fractures in Jeju Island, South Korea: a Prospective Study (2002-2006). Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 2010; 2(2): 64-8.##Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Ferm H, Ahlbom A, Pedersen NL. Genetic liability to fractures in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005; 165(16): 1825-30.##Valizadeh M, Mazloomzadeh S, Azizi R. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Zanjan, Iran. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2008; 3(1-2): 1-5.##Diamantopoulos AP, Rohde G, Johnsrud I, Skoie IM, Johnsen V, Hochberg M, et al. Incidence rates of fragility hip fracture in middle-aged and elderly men and women in southern Norway. Age and Ageing. 2012; 41(1): 86-92.##Koren L, Barak A, Norman D, Sachs O, Peled E. Effect of seasonality, weather and holidays on the incidence of proximal hip fracture. The Israel Medical Association Journal. 2014; 16(5): 299-302.##Lee J-K, Khir ASM. The incidence of hip fracture in Malaysians above 50 years of age: variation in different ethnic groups. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2007; 10(4): 300-5.##Orces CH. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Ecuador. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2009; 25(5): 438-42.##Nikkel LE, Kates SL, Schreck M, Maceroli M, Mahmood B, Elfar JC. Length of hospital stay after hip fracture and risk of early mortality after discharge in New York state: retrospective cohort study. British Medical Journal. 2015; 351: 1-10.##Menzies IB, Mendelson DA, Kates SL, Friedman SM. The impact of comorbidity on perioperative outcomes of hip fractures in a geriatric fracture model. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation. 2012; 3(3): 129-34.##Ricci WM, Brandt A, McAndrew C, Gardner MJ. Factors affecting delay to surgery and length of stay for patients with hip fracture. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2015; 29(3): 109-14.##Inacio MC, Weiss JM, Miric A, Hunt JJ, Zohman GL, Paxton EW. A community-based hip fracture registry: population, methods, and outcomes. The Permanente Journal. 2015; 19(3): 29-36.#### ##

Association between Rehabilitation Needs and Quality of Life of the Elderly Patients with Visual Impairment 2 2 Introduction: Given to the high prevalence of impaired vision in aging population and importance of their quality of life, this study was aimed to evaluate the association between quality of life and vision rehabilitation needs in elderly patients with low vision referring to Bu Ali Sina Hospital, Qazvin, Iran. Methods: A total of 94 elderly patients with visual acuity less than 6/18 participated in this cross-sectional study. Visual functioning questionnaire -25 and vision rehabilitation needs questionnaire were used to assess the quality of life and rehabilitation needs, respectively. Data were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlations, Independent t, and ANOVA tests. Results: The prevalence of rehabilitation needs ranged from 29.8% (telling time with a watch or clock) to 76.4% (reading). The results also showed significant associations between the quality of life, age, marital status, and total rehabilitation needs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results highlight that addressing the rehabilitation needs of elderly patients with a visual impairment may be an effective means to improve their quality of life. 12 18 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/3 1397/10/13 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/6 1398/2/16 Fatemeh mohammadi Fatemeh mohammadi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran mohammadi1508@gmail.com Zohreh TavasoliTazkere Zohreh TavasoliTazkere Department of Gerontological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran zohrehtavasoli3@gmail.com Hamid Merat Hamid Merat Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran - Jamileh Amirzadeh Iranagh Jamileh Amirzadeh Iranagh Social Determinants of Health Research Center Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran jamileh.amirzadeh@gmail.com Seyedeh Ameneh Motalebi Seyedeh Ameneh Motalebi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Iran ammotalebi@yahoo.com Quality of Life Rehabilitation Aging Visual Acuity Sonnega A, Faul JD, Ofstedal MB, Langa KM, Phillips JW, Weir DR. Cohort profile: the health and retirement study (HRS). International Journal of Epidemiology. 2014; 43(2): 576-85.##Roudi F, Azadi P, Mesgaran M. Iran’s population dynamics and demographic window of opportunity. Working Paper 4, Stanford Iran 2040 Project, Stanford University; 2017.##Laliberte Rudman D, Egan MY, McGrath CE, Kessler D, Gardner P, King J, et al. Low vision rehabilitation, age-related vision loss, and risk: a critical interpretive synthesis. The Gerontologist. 2016; 56(3): 32-45.##Ribeiro MV, HN Júnior H-R, Ribeiro EA, Jucá MJ, Barbosa FT, Sousa-Rodrigues CF. Association between visual impairment and depression in the elderly: a systematic review. Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia. 2015; 78(3): 197-201.##Wang C-W, Chan CL, Chi I. Overview of quality of life research in older people with visual impairment. Advances in Aging Research. 2014; 3(2): 79-94.##Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82(11): 844-51.##Ackland P, Resnikoff S, Bourne R. World blindness and visual impairment: despite many successes, the problem is growing. Community Eye Health Journal. 2017; 30(100): 71-3.##Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Saatchi M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Yekta A. Visual impairment and blindness in a population-based study of Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Current Ophthalmology. 2017; 30(2): 161-68.##Olcaysü OO, Kivanc SA, Altun A, Cinici E, Altinkaynak H, Ceylan E. Causes of disability, low vision and blindness in old age. Türkish Journal of Geriatrics. 2014; 17(1): 44-9.##Brundle C, Waterman HA, Ballinger C, Olleveant N, Skelton DA, Stanford P, et al. The causes of falls: views of older people with visual impairment. Health Expectations. 2015; 18(6): 2021-31.##Pérès K, Matharan F, Daien V, Nael V, Edjolo A, Bourdel-Marchasson I, et al. Visual loss and subsequent activity limitations in the elderly: the French Three-City cohort. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(4): 564-9.##Evans JR, Smeeth L, Fletcher AE. Risk of admission to a nursing home among older people with visual impairment in Great Britain. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2008; 126(10): 1428-33.##Talarska D, Kropińska S, Strugała M, Szewczyczak M, Tobis S, Wieczorowska-Tobis K. The most common factors hindering the independent functioning of the elderly at home by age and sex. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2017; 21(4): 775-85.##Ong SY, Cheung CY, Li X, Lamoureux EL, Ikram MK, Ding J, et al. Visual impairment, age-related eye diseases, and cognitive function: the Singapore Malay eye study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2012; 130(7): 895-900.##Wang C-W, Chan CL, Ho AH, Xiong Z. Social networks and health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults with vision impairment. Journal of Aging and Health. 2008; 20(7): 804-23.##Goldstein JE, Jackson ML, Fox SM, Deremeik JT, Massof RW. Clinically meaningful rehabilitation outcomes of low vision patients served by outpatient clinical centers. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2015; 133(7): 762-9.##Silva MRd, Nobre MIRdS, Carvalho KMd, Montilha RdCI. Visual impairment, rehabilitation and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia. 2014; 73(5): 291-301.##Feridooni F, Ghassemi Broumand M, Tabatabaee SM. The rate of satisfaction of low vision aids and quality of life in low visions referring to the Red-crescent’s low vision center of Tehran since 21 June 2011 till 21 June 2012. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2013; 2(1): 15-22. [Persian]##Lamoureux EL, Pallant JF, Pesudovs K, Rees G, Hassell JB, Keeffe JE. The effectiveness of low-vision rehabilitation on participation in daily living and quality of life. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2007; 48(4): 1476-82.##Sahlin KB, Lexell J. Impact of organized sports on activity, participation, and quality of life in people with neurologic disabilities. The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation. 2015; 7(10): 1081-8.##Stelmack JA, Stelmack TR, Massof RW. Measuring low-vision rehabilitation outcomes with the NEI VFQ-25. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2002; 43(9): 2859-68.##Mohammadiannia M, Foroughan M, Rassafiani M, hosseinzadeh S. Visual functioning and its relations with quality of life in the older people using governmental outpatient clinics services in the city of Boushehr. Salmand Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2013; 7(4): 16-26. [Persian]##Bhadada SV, Bhadada VJ, Goyal RK. Preventive effect of Tephrosia purpurea on selenite-induced experimental cataract. Current Eye Research. 2016; 41(2): 222-31.##Rafaely L, Carmel S, Bachner YG. Subjective well-being of visually impaired older adults living in the community. Aging & Mental Health. 2018; 22(9): 1223-31.##Dev MK, Paudel N, Joshi ND, Shah DN, Subba S. Impact of visual impairment on vision-specific quality of life among older adults living in nursing home. Current Eye Research. 2014; 39(3):232-8.##Lança CC, Serra H, Prista J. Reading performance in children with visual function anomalies. International Journal of Ophthalmology and Clinical Research. 2014; 1: 1-5.##Nguyen AM, van Landingham SW, Massof RW, Rubin GS, Ramulu PY. Reading ability and reading engagement in older adults with glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2014; 55(8): 5284-90.##Edwin HA. Visual impairment in the elderly and what care givers need to know: A literature review [Degree thesis]. Finland: The Federation of Swedish Speaking Visually Impaired in Finland; 2014. ##Margrain TH. Helping blind and partially sighted people to read: the effectiveness of low vision aids. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000; 84(8): 919-21.##Qiu M, Wang SY, Singh K, Lin SC. Association between visual field defects and quality of life in the United States. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121(3): 733-40.##Ekici F, Loh R, Waisbourd M, Sun Y, Martinez P, Nayak N, et al. Relationships between measures of the ability to perform vision-related activities, vision-related quality of life, and clinical findings in patients with glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2015; 133(12): 1377-85.##Daien V, Peres K, Villain M, Colvez A, Carriere I, Delcourt C. Visual acuity thresholds associated with activity limitations in the elderly. The Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age study. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2014; 92(7): 500-6.##Deremeik J, Broman AT, Friedman D, West SK, Massof R, Park W, et al. Low vision rehabilitation in a nursing home population: the SEEING study. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 2007; 101(11): 701-14.##Wolffsohn JS, Cochrane AL. Design of the low vision quality-of-life questionnaire (LVQOL) and measuring the outcome of low-vision rehabilitation. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000; 130(6): 793-802.##Gyawali R, Paudel N, Adhikari P. Quality of life in Nepalese patients with low vision and the impact of low vision services. Journal of Optometry. 2012; 5(4): 188-95.##Nutheti R, Shamanna BR, Nirmalan PK, Keeffe JE, Krishnaiah S, Rao GN, et al. Impact of impaired vision and eye disease on quality of life in Andhra Pradesh. Investigative ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2006; 47(11): 4742-8.##Khorrami-Nejad M, Sarrabandi A, Akbari MR, Askarizadeh F. The impact of visual impairment on quality of life. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology. 2016; 5(3): 96-103.##Habibi A, Nikpour S, Seiedoshohadaei M, Haghani H. Quality of life and status of physical functioning among elderly people in West region of Tehran: A cross-sectional survey. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 21(53): 29-39. [Persian]##Sarabandi A, Mobaraki H, Kamali M, Chabok A, Soltani S. The effect of rehabilitation services on quality of life for the blind. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2013; 7(4): 48-56. [Persian]##Kuyk T, Liu L, Elliott JL, Grubbs HE, Owsley C, McGwin G, et al. Health-related quality of life following blind rehabilitation. Quality of Life Research. 2008; 17(4): 497-507.##Kamelska AM, Mazurek K. The assessment of the quality of life in visually impaired people with different level of physical activity. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. 2015; 67(1): 31-41.##Vela C, Samson E, Zunzunegui MV, Haddad S, Aubin M-J, Freeman EE. Eye care utilization by older adults in low, middle, and high income countries. BMC Ophthalmology. 2012; 12(5): 1-7.#### ##

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Primary Prevention of Osteoarthritis in Asia: A Scoping Review 2 2 Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is estimated to be the eleventh leading cause of disability worldwide. In Asian countries, OA is much less well-known than in the caucasian population and strongly associated with aging. Therefore, this article focuses comprehensively on the prevalence, risk factors and primary prevention for OA identified in Asian countries. Methods: This scoping review used the methodological framework by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). Pertaining to this topic, a comprehensive search on academic journals published from 2008 to 2018 (English) was conducted. Results: A total of 30 studies were selected in this review from 221,510 studies screened from electronic databases. The overall prevalence of OA is in a range of 20.5% to 68.0%. Most of the Asian populations reported to have knee OA in a range of 13.1% to 71.1% in various Asian countries. Risk factors that have been associated with OA are advanced age, being the female and obesity. Osteoporosis, higher body mass density, low level of education, family history of OA, smoking and environmental factors appeared as significant risk factors for OA. A strategic method of primary prevention for OA through lifestyle modification is reducing obesity and treating concomitant cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Determining OA prevalence and risk factors will provide important information for planning future cost-effective preventive strategies. 19 31 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/21 1397/8/30 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/14 1398/2/24 Nur Aimi Asyrani Zamri Nur Aimi Asyrani Zamri School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia Malaysia Sakinah Harith Sakinah Harith School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia Malaysia sakinahharith@unisza.edu.my Noor Aini Mohd Yusoff Noor Aini Mohd Yusoff School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia Malaysia Nurulhuda Mat Hassan Nurulhuda Mat Hassan Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Medical Campus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Malaysia Ying Qian Ong Ying Qian Ong School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia Malaysia Osteoarthritis Prevalence Risk Factors Primary Prevention Mobasheri A, Batt M. 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Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2014; 28(1): 5–15. ##Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2005; 8(1): 19–32. ##Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009; 6(7):1-6. ##Jahan I, Sima SH, Khalil M, Sohel MD, Kawsar MH. Survey on prevalence, risk factors and treatment pattern of osteoarthritis in Bangladesh: retrospective study. Rheumatology: Current Research. 2017; 7(4): 1-6. ##Kolahi S, Khabbazi A, Malek Mahdavi A, Ghasembaglou A, Ghasembaglou A, Aminisani N, et al. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in Azar cohort population in Northwest of Iran. Rheumatology International. 2017; 37(4): 495–502. ##Zhang JF, Song LH, Wei JN, Zhang AL, Dong HY, Wen HY, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for the occurrence of symptomatic osteoarthritis in rural regions of Shanxi Province, China. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2016; 19(8): 781–9. ##Lee KM, Chung CY, Sung KH, Lee SY, Won SH, Kim TG, et al. Risk factors for osteoarthritis and contributing factors to current arthritic pain in south Korean older adults. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2015; 56(1): 124–31. ##Davatchi F, Sandoughi M, Moghimi N, Jamshidi AR, Tehrani Banihashemi A, Zakeri Z, et al. Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases in Iran; Adjusted analysis of 4 copcord studies. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2016; 19(11): 1056-62. ##Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Faezi T, Paragomi P, Barghamdi M. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural areas of Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 17(4): 384–8. ##Venkatachalam J, Natesan M, Eswaran M, Johnson AKS, Bharath V, Singh Z. Prevalence of osteoarthritis of knee joint among adult population in a rural area of Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2017; 62(2): 117–22. ##Lian W, Liu H, Song Q, Liu YQ, Sun LY, Deng Q, et al. Prevalence of hand osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis in Kashin-Beck disease endemic areas and non Kashin-Beck disease endemic areas: A status survey. PLoS One. 2018; 13(1): 1-15. ##Pal CP, Singh P, Chaturvedi S, Pruthi K, Vij A. Epidemiology of knee osteoarthritis in India and related factors. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2016; 50(5): 518-22. ##Liu Y, Zhang H, Liang N, Fan W, Li J, Huang Z, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of knee osteoarthritis in a rural Chinese adult population: an epidemiological survey. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(94): 1–8. ##Jiang L, Rong J, Zhang Q, Hu F, Zhang S, Li X, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of knee osteoarthritis in a community-based population in Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Rheumatology International. 2012; 32(5): 1189–95. ##Lee S, Kim S-J. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, risk factors, and quality of life: the fifth Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2017; 20(7): 809–17. ##Cho HJ, Morey V, Kang JY, Kim KW, Kim TK. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Spine, Shoulder, Hand, Hip, and Knee Osteoarthritis in Community-dwelling Koreans Older Than Age 65 Years. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2015; 473(10): 3307–14. ##Ho-Pham LT, Lai TQ, Mai LD, Doan MC, Pham HN, Nguyen TV. Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee and its relationship to self-reported pain. PLoS One. 2014; 9(4): 1–7. ##Nishimura A, Hasegawa M, Wakabayashi H, Yoshida K, Kato K, Yamada T, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of unilateral knee osteoarthritis in a community sample of elderly Japanese: do fractures around the knee affect the pathogenesis of unilateral knee osteoarthritis?. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2012; 17(5): 556–61. ##Cho HJ, Chang CB, Kim KW, Park JH, Yoo JH, Koh IJ, et al. Gender and prevalence of knee osteoarthritis types in elderly Koreans. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2011; 26(7): 994–9. ##Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, et al. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: The research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2009; 27(5): 620–8. ##Tang X, Wang S, Zhan S, Niu J, Tao K, Zhang Y, et al. The prevalence of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in china: results from the china health and retirement longitudinal study. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2016; 68(3): 648–53. ##YefiL H, Hepgüler S, Öztürk C, Çapaci K, YesiL M. Prevalence of symptomatic knee, hand and hip osteoarthritis among individuals 40 years or older: a study conducted in izmir city. Acta Orthopaedica er Traumatologica Turcica. 2013; 47(4): 231–5. ##Kim I, Kim HA, Seo Y Il, Song YW, Jeong JY, Kim DH. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in elderly community residents in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2010; 25(2): 293–8. ##Nishimura A, Hasegawa M, Kato K, Yamada T, Uchida A, Sudo A. Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee among Japanese. International Orthopaedics. 2011; 35(6): 839–43. ##Yoo JJ, Kim DH, Kim HA. Risk factors for progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis in elderly community residents in Korea. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2018; 19(1): 1–7. ##Muraki S, Akune T, Oka H, Ishimoto Y, Nagata K, Yoshida M, et al. Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis and knee pain in Japanese men and women: a longitudinal population-based cohort study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2012; 64(5): 1447–56. ##Oh JH, Chung SW, Oh CH, Kim SH, Park SJ, Kim KW, et al. The prevalence of shoulder osteoarthritis in the elderly Korean population: Association with risk factors and function. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2011; 20(5): 756–63.##Li Y, Wei X, Zhou J, Wei L. The Age-Related Changes in Cartilage and Osteoarthritis. BioMed Resarch International. 2013; 2013: 1-12. ##Sudo A, Miyamoto N, Horikawa K, Urawa M, Yamakawa T, Yamada T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in elderly Japanese men and women. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2008; 13(5): 413–8. ##El Ayoubi N, Chaaya M, Mahfoud Z, Habib R, Uthman I, Slim Z. Risk factors for incident symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A population-based case control study in Lebanon. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2013; 16(2): 211–8. ##Destianti NA, Fatimah SN, Dewi S. Vitamin C intake and risk factors for knee osteoarthritis. Althea Medical Journal. 2017; 4(2): 173–7. ##Oka H, Akune T, Muraki S, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, et al. Association of low dietary vitamin K intake with radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the Japanese elderly population: Dietary survey in a population-based cohort of the ROAD study. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2009; 14(6): 687–92. ##Muraki S, Oka H, Akune T, Mabuchi A, En-yo Y, Yoshida M, et al. Prevalence of radiographic knee osteoarthritis and its association with knee pain in the elderly of Japanese population-based cohorts: The ROAD study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2009; 17(9): 1137–43.##Anandacoomarasamy A, March L. Current evidence for osteoarthritis treatments. Therapeutic Advances Musculoskeletal Disease. 2010; 2(1): 17–28. ## Anwar A, Rashid R, Gupta EDAS. A survey of the primary care management of osteoarthritis in Malaysia : a view from a rheumatologist’s perspective. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2008; 11(3): 246–50. ##Kang X, Fransen M, Zhang Y, Li H, Ke Y, Lu M, et al. The high prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in a rural Chinese population: the Wuchuan osteoarthritis study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009; 61(5): 641–7. ##Ratzlaff CR, Liang ML. Prevention of injury related knee osteoarthritis: opportunities for the primary and secondary prevention of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2010; 12(215): 1-8. ##Takeda H, Nakagawa T, Nakamura K, Engebretsen L. Prevention and management of knee osteoarthritis and knee cartilage injury in sports. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 45(4): 304–9. #### ##

Effect of Melatonin on Incidence Rate of Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery without a Pump: A Clinical Trial 2 2 Introduction: Delirium has been considered as the most common cognitive disorder after major surgery. Melatonin therapy is effective in reducing the incidence of delirium after open heart surgery with pain relief mechanism and adjustment of the sleep cycle and the absence of specific side effects. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of melatonin on prevention of delirium after coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: The double blind randomized controlled clinical trial recruited 140 patients, equally decided, who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery in Afshar Hospital, Yazd city, 2016. All participants of the two groups were evaluated for the presence of delirium on the day of surgery and three days after by the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CUM-ICU). Respectively, The intervention and control group received 3 mg melatonin and 3 mg placebo orally before and after the operation. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, T-test, paired t-test and Cochran tests. Results: The incidence of delirium in the melatonin and the control group was 35.7% and 5.7% on the day of operation, 68.6% and 31.4% three days after the operation, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the frequency of cognitive test of CAM-ICU on day of surgery and three days after surgery between the two groups (p <0.001). Conclusion: Despite the efficacy of melatonin therapy in reducing delirium, further studies on the effects of other effective drugs on the treatment of delirium, such as antipsychotics and receptor blockers, should be considered. 32 39 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/212019/01/12 1397/10/22 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/142019/05/11 1398/2/21 Fatemeh Hosseini Kasnavieh Fatemeh Hosseini Kasnavieh Department of Psychiatry, Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Hosseini.k.f@gmil.com Hassan Rezaeipandari Hassan Rezaeipandari Dpartment of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran hrezaeipandari@yahoo.com Mehdi Hadadzadeh Mehdi Hadadzadeh Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fa.hosseini.beagi@gmail.com Mahmood Vakili Mahmood Vakili Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran vakilim52@yahoo.com Fatemeh Hosseini Biouki Fatemeh Hosseini Biouki Department of Psychiatry, Ziaei Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fa.hosseini.beagi@gmail.com Melatonin Delirium Surgery Older Adults Clinical Trial Mahanna EP, Blumenthal JA, White WD, Croughwell ND, Clancy CP, Smith LR, et al. 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Delirium in the elderly: a review. Lebanese Medical Journal. 2012; 60(4): 214-219.##Fortinash KM, Worret PA. Psychiatric mental health nursing e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.##Videbeck SL. Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.##Ganavati A, Foroughi M, Esmaeili S, Hasantash SA, Bolourain AA, Shahzamani M, et al. The relation between post cardiac surgery delirium and intraoperative factors. Iranian Journal of Surgery. 2009; 17(3): 16-25. [Persian]##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.##Devlin JW, Al-Qadhee NS, Skrobik Y. Pharmacologic prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill and non-critically ill hospitalised patients: a review of data from prospective, randomised studies. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2012; 26(3): 289-309.##Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, Blute MR, Lee HB, Rosenberg PB, et al. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2010; 85(1): 18-26.##Atalan N, Efe Sevim M, Akgün S, Fazlıoğulları O, Başaran C. Morphine is a reasonable alternative to haloperidol in the treatment of postoperative hyperactive-type delirium after cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2013; 27(5): 933-8.##Raiten JM, Gutsche JT. Use of risperidone in cardiac surgery patients with subsyndromal delirium. Anesthesiology. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2012; 117(5): 1141-.##Cruz JNd, Tomasi CD, Alves SC, Macedo RCd, Giombelli V, Cruz JGPd, et al. The incidence of delirium in patients pretreated with statins who remain in an intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Revista Brasileira De Terapia Intensiva. 2012; 24(1): 52-7.##Tremblay P, Gold S. Prevention of post-operative delirium in the elderly using pharmacological agents. Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 2016; 19(3): 113-126.##Nishikimi M, Numaguchi A, Takahashi K, Miyagawa Y, Matsui K, Higashi M, et al. Effect of administration of ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, on the duration of stay in the ICU: a single-center randomized placebo-controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine. 2018; 46(7): 1099-105.##Martinez FE, Anstey M, Ford A, Roberts B, Hardie M, Palmer R, et al. Prophylactic melatonin for delirium in intensive care (Pro-MEDIC): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2017; 18(4): 1-10.##Artemiou P, Bily B, Bilecova-Rabajdova M, Sabol F, Torok P, Kolarcik P, et al. Melatonin treatment in the prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients. Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2015; 12(2): 126-133.##De Jonghe A, Van Munster BC, Goslings JC, Kloen P, Van Rees C, Wolvius R, et al. Effect of melatonin on incidence of delirium among patients with hip fracture: a multicentre, double-blind randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2014; 186(14): 547-56.##Hall RJ, Meagher DJ, MacLullich AM. Delirium detection and monitoring outside the ICU. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2012; 26(3): 367-83.##Grover S, Chakrabarti S, Shah R, Kumar V. A factor analytic study of the delirium rating scale-revised-98 in untreated patients with delirium. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2011; 70(5): 473-8.##Rajabpour Nikfam M, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Khaleghdoost Mohammadi T, Kazemnezhad Leili E, Ashraf A. Study of predictors of delirium incidence in hospitalized patients in intensive care units. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery. 2016; 26(3): 25-35. [Persian]##Marino PL, Sutin KM. The ICU book: Williams & Wilkins Baltimore; 1998.##Inouye SK, Van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990; 113(12): 941-8.##Zolfaghari M, Arbabi M, Pedram Razi S, Biat K, Bavi A. Effectiveness of a multifactor educational intervention on delirium incidence and length of stay in patients with cardiac surgery. Journal of Hayat. 2012; 18(1): 67-78. [Persian]##Cheraghi MA, Hazaryan M, Bahramnezhad F, Mirzaeipour F, Haghani H. Study of the relationship between sleep quality and prevalence of delirium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. World Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 13(1): 60-64.##Van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, Van der Hoeven JG, Van Achterberg T, Pickkers P. Incidence and short-term consequences of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2012; 49(7): 775-83.##Jannati Y, Bagheri Nesamy M, Sohrabi M, Yazdani Charaty J, Mazdarani S. Incidence of delirium and associated factors before open heart surgery. Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery. 2013; 10(1): 33- 42. [Persian]##Kazmierski J, Kowman M, Banach M, Fendler W, Okonski P, Banys A, et al. Incidence and predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery: Results from The IPDACS Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2010; 69(2): 179-85.##Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell Jr FE, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. Jama. 2004; 291(14):1753-62.##Afonso A, Scurlock C, Reich D, Raikhelkar J, Hossain S, Bodian C, et al. Predictive model for postoperative delirium in cardiac surgical patients. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2010; 14(4): 212-7.##Kassie GM, Nguyen TA, Ellett LMK, Pratt NL, Roughead EE. Preoperative medication use and postoperative delirium: a systematic review. BMC Geriatrics. 2017; 17(1): 298.##Ángeles-Castellanos M, Ramírez-Gonzalez F, Ubaldo-Reyes L, Rodriguez-Mayoral O, Escobar C. Loss of melatonin daily rhythmicity is associated with delirium development in hospitalized older adults. Sleep Science. 2016; 9(4): 285-8.##Zhang H, Lu Y, Liu M, Zou Z, Wang L, Xu F-Y, et al. Strategies for prevention of postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Critical Care. 2013; 17(2): 1-21.##Mistraletti G, Carloni E, Cigada M, Zambrelli E, Taverna M, Sabbatici G, et al. Sleep and delirium in the intensive care unit. Minerva Anestesiologica. 2008; 74(6): 329-34.##Andersen L, Werner M, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. A systematic review of peri-operative melatonin. Anaesthesia. 2014; 69(10): 1163-71.##Sabol F, Bily B, Artemiou P, Kolesar A, Torok P, Bilecova-Rabajdova M, et al. Incidence and risk factors of delirium in patients after cardiac surgery: Modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Cor et Vasa. 2015; 57(3): e168-e75.##Norkiene I, Ringaitiene D, Misiuriene I, Samalavicius R, Bubulis R, Baublys A, et al. Incidence and precipitating factors of delirium after coronary artery bypass grafting. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. 2007; 41(3): 180-5.##Rudolph JL, Jones RN, Grande LJ, Milberg WP, King EG, Lipsitz LA, et al. Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006; 54(6): 937-41.##Hofsté WJ, Linssen CA, Boezeman EH, Hengeveld JS, Leusink JA, de Boer A. Delirium and cognitive disorders after cardiac operations: relationship to pre-and intraoperative quantitative electroencephalogram. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 1997; 14(1): 29-36.##Ansaloni L, Catena F, Chattat R, Fortuna D, Franceschi C, Mascitti P, et al. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients after elective and emergency surgery. The British Journal of Surgery. 2010; 97(2): 273-80.##Rad M, Mohammadi N, Seyyedshohadaee M, Haghani H. Relationship of blood transfusion and CPB with delirium. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 20(5): 801-7. [Persian]##Astaneh AN, Khajehmougahi N, Pakseresht S, Ramezani A. The multi component intervention to prevent postoperative delirium after open-heart surgery. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007; 23(2): 188-92.##Saxena S, Lawley D. Delirium in the elderly: a clinical review. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2009; 85(1006): 405-13.##Wade A, Downie S. Prolonged-release melatonin for the treatment of insomnia in patients over 55 years. Expert Opinion on Investigational drugs. 2008; 17(10): 1567-72. ##Sultan SS. Assessment of role of perioperative melatonin in prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium after hip arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia in the elderly. 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Meaning of Life and Psychological Well-Being during Adult, Older Adult and Oldest Old 2 2 Introduction: Adulthood is associated with many challenges which requires adaptability. Differences between adults and the older adults are important to adapt with these challenges and facilitators of adaptation. The present study aimed to determine the difference between the meaning of life and psychological well-being through different age groups of adults, older adults and oldest olds. Methods: The present study is a causal-comparative study. Samples were 60 adults, 60 older adult and 60 oldest old men and women selected in Tehran through cluster sampling method and responded to Meaning of Life Questionnaire and Well-being Psychological Scale. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis. Results: In psychological well-being, the mean scores of the adults group were higher than the other two group and the higher age means resulted in decreasing in psychological well-being. No significant difference was observed in the component of purpose in life and variable of meaning of life among the male age groups. The mean scores of the adult women groups were higher than the two other groups based on psychological well-being and meaning of life. Among the women, higher age led to a decrease in the average psychological well-being. Based on the findings, higher age leads to a decrease in psychological well-being and the meaning of life. Conclusion: The findings indicated that psychological well-being varies among male and female age-groups. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify the resources which can help to adjust to going to ages and should be considered in mental health services to prevent the decline of psychological well-being and meaning of life. In addition, the promotion of psychological well-being and the meaning of life should be considered in parallel with the life time. 40 46 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/212019/01/122019/01/13 1397/10/23 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/142019/05/112019/05/14 1398/2/24 Taghi Pourebrahim Taghi Pourebrahim Department of Psychology, Education Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Iran T_pourebrahim@sbu.ac.ir Roya Rasouli Roya Rasouli Department of Counseling, Education Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Iran R.rasouli@alzahra.ac.ir Meaning of Life Psychological Well-Being Adult Aged oldest old Alahmed, s, Anjom, I, Masuadi, E. Perceptions of mental illness etiology and treatment in Saudi Arabian healthcare students: A Pourebrahim, T. Psychotherapy with elderly, current concepts and therapeutic aspects. Psychotherapical Novelties. 2008; 45&46: 13-39. [Persian]##Pourebrahim T, Rasouli R. Effects of Group logotherapy on decreasing depression and increasing meaning in life on older adults resident in Sanatorium. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008; 4(8): 673-85. [Persian]##Baltes, MM, Balt PB. The psychology of control and aging (psychology revivals). London: Psychology press; 2014.##Berk LE. Development through the lifespan. Boston: Pearson; 2014. ##. Humboldt S, Leal I. the old and the oldest-old: do they have different perspectives on adjustment to aging?. International Journal of Gerontology. 2015; 9(3): 156-60.##Charles S, Carstensen LL. Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology. 2010; 61(3): 383-409.##Lang RF. Regulation of social relationships in later adulthood. The Journal of Gerontology. 2001; 56(6): 321-6.##Reker GT, Wong PTP, editor. Personal meaning of life and Psycho-social adaptation in the later years. The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications. New York: Routledge; 2012.##Esgalhado MG, Reis M, Pereira H, Afonso RM. Influence of social support on the psychological well-being and mental health of older adults living in assisted-living residences. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. 2010; 1(1): 267-78.##Read S, Grundy E, Foverskov E. Socio-economic position and subjective health and well-being among older people in Europe: a Systematic Narrative Review. Aging and Mental Health. 2016; 20(5): 529–42. ##Knight BJ. Psychotherapy with Older Adults. London: Sage; 2018.##Alahmed S, Anjom I, Masuadi E. Perceptions of mental illness etiology and treatment in Saudi Arabian healthcare students: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine. 2018; 6: 1-10.##Ryff, CD. The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry. 1998; 9(1): 1-28.##Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The meaning of life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for Meaning of life. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2006; 53(1): 80 -93.##Eshtehad A. Investigation of group therapy on well-being student in university [MSc. Thesis]. Tehran: Psychology Institution University; 2009.##Douma L, Steverink N, Hutter I, Meijering L. Exploring subjective well-being in older age by using participant-generated word clouds. The Gerontologist. 2017; 57(2): 229-39. ##Cho J, Martin P, Poon LW. Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-old adults. The Gerontologist. 2015; 55 (1): 132–43. ##Forsman AK, Nyqvist F, Wahlbeck K. Cognitive components of social capital and mental health status among older adults: A population-based cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2011; 39(7): 757-65. ##Strauss R, Hanesch U, Kinkelin M, Wolf R, Heisenberg M. No-bridge of drosophila melanogaster: portrait of a structural brain mutant of the central complex. Journal of Neurogenetics. 1992; 8(3): 125-55. ##Steptoe A, Deaton A, Stone AA. Psychological wellbeing, health and ageing. Lancet. 2015; 385(9968): 640-48.##McLeod, S, A. Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html 2018##Holzman, L. What Kind of Theory is Activity Theory?: introduction. Theory & Psychology. 2006; 16(1): 5-11. ##Gerstrof D, Hoppmann CA, Löckenhoff CE, Infurna FJ, Schupp J, Wagner G, et al. Terminal decline in well-being: the role of social orientation. Psychology and Aging. 2016; 31(2): 149-65. ##Brendan MB, Lucas RE, Donnellan MB. Life satisfaction across the lifespan: findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social Indicators Research. 2010; 99(2): 183–203.##Gohil E, Charak R. Meaning of life, life satisfaction and positive and negative affect in older adults: effect of gender and type of residence. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology. 2013; 4(1): 55-9.##Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. 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Psychometric Properties of Pain Intensity Scales in Isfahanian Geriatric Population 2 2 Introduction: Given the importance of pain assessment in the older adults, instrumentation for pain measurement is inevitable. The aim of this study is to compare psychometric properties of three commonly used pain intensity scales; (Numeric Rating Scale , Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) and, Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R)) in Isfahanian older adults, to identify the most validated and reliable scale. Methods: This was a methodological study on 60 cognitively intact older people in Isfahan in 2017, selected through convenience sampling. First, the worst pain of life and then pain intensity in general, at rest and immediately after the movement of upper and lower limbs was measured using all three scales. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20 using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) and Chi-square tests. Results: Based on the results, there was no significant differences between FPS-R and VDS in terms of preference (p = 0.506) and simplicity (p = 0.647). Finding showed significance and convergent validity, and reliability of all three tests (p < 0.05). Conclusion: All three pain assessment tools adequately demonstrated reliable validity to measure pain in isfahanian older adults. Accordingly, hence probable limited generalizability of the results, nurses and other health care team could be recommended to use the pain assessment tools specially VDS for pain assessment in old people. 47 52 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/212019/01/122019/01/132018/04/10 1397/1/21 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/142019/05/112019/05/142018/12/3 1397/9/12 Khadijeh Nasiriani Khadijeh Nasiriani Research Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran nasiriani@gmail.com Somayeh Kahdoui Somayeh Kahdoui Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Yazd branch, Yazd, Iran Iran somaieh_kahdouei@yahoo.com Saeed Nasri Nasrabadi Saeed Nasri Nasrabadi Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Saeednasri11@gmail.com Cognitive Aging Pain Measurement Psychometrics 1. Shirazi M, Manoochehri H, Zagheri Tafreshi M, Zayeri F. Development and psychometric evaluation of chronic pain acceptance instrument in the elderly. Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain. 2015; 5(4): 33-47. [Persian]##2. Askaryzade Mahani M, Arab M, Mohammadalizade S, Haghdoost A. Staff nurses knowledge of aging process and their attitude toward elder people. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 21(55): 19-27. [Persian]##3. Mirzamani SM, Helisaz MT, Sadidi A, Safari A. The impact of pain on different aspects of life among older people with chronic pain. Salmand, Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(1): 48-57. [Persian]##4. Pereira LV, Pereira GA, Moura LA, Fernandes RR. Pain intensity among institutionalized elderly: a comparison between numerical scales and verbal descriptors. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P. 2015; 49(5): 804-10.##5. Edelen MO, Saliba D. Correspondence of verbal descriptor and numeric rating scales for pain intensity: an item response theory calibration. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2010; 65(7): 778-85.##6. Modanloo M, SeyyedFatemi N, Bastani F, Peyravy H, Behnampoor N, Hesam M, et al. Comparison of pain assessment by patients and triage nurses. Iranian Journal of Critical Care Nursing. 2010; 3(1): 23-8.##7. Aziato L, Dedey F, Marfo K, Asamani JA, Clegg-Lamptey JNA. Validation of three pain scales among adult postoperative patients in Ghana. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14(42): 1-9.##8. Wickström Ene K. Postoperative pain management-predictors, barriers and outcome [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg: Sahlgrenska Academy, Institution of Health and Care Sciences; 2008.##9. Yaghmaie F. Critical review of psychometric properties in research questionnaires. Faculty of Nursing of Midwifery Quarterly. 2006; 16(52): 66-75. [Persian]##10. Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. 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Reliability of Identification of Seniors at Risk Screening Tool in Predicting Functional and Mental Decline in Discharged Elderly Patients 2 2 Introduction: Emergency wards today are facing with an increasing numbers of older patients. Therefore, it seems important and essential to develop a short screening tool with an acceptable predictive power to identify the seniors being discharged from hospital and mean while are at risk of a decline in physical and mental performance, and thus, facing re-admission emergency wards in hospitals. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 190 randomly selected elderly people being discharged from emergency centers in Sabzevar city. Data were collected using Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR), GHQ-12 and Barthel questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods including Pearson correlation coefficient and area under the ROC curve were used for data analysis. Results: Within the six months period of follow up, the accuracy of ISAR tool for predicting functional and mental performance decline was at a moderate level (AUC = 0.74 , AUC = 0.77 ) but at desirable level for both physical and mental performances, as a whole condition (AUC = 0.84). Conclusion: ISAR has moderate accuracy to predict the risk of physical or mental decline in elderly people six months after discharge from hospital emergency wards. 53 57 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/212019/01/122019/01/132018/04/102018/10/25 1397/8/3 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/142019/05/112019/05/142018/12/32019/06/26 1398/4/5 Akram Ghanbari Moghadam Akram Ghanbari Moghadam .Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan-e Razavi, Mashhad, Iran Iran Mojtaba Mohammadi Mojtaba Mohammadi Dpartment of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran mohammadiuswr@gmail.com Fateme Ardane Fateme Ardane Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan-e Razavi, Sabzevar,Iran Iran Shahrbanoo Talebi Shahrbanoo Talebi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan-e Razavi, Sabzevar,Iran Iran Zeinab Karbalaee Zeinab Karbalaee Faculty of Nursing, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Aged Emergencies Seniors at Risk Aminzadeh F, Dalziel Wb. Older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review of pattern of use, adverse outcomes and effectiveness of interventions. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002; 39(3): 238-247.##Di Bari M, Salvi F, Roberts AT, Balzi D, Lorenzetti B, Morichi V, et al. Prognostic stratification of elderly patients in the emergency department: a comparison between the ‘identification of seniors at risk’ and the "Silver Code". The Journals of Gerontology. 2012; 67(5): 544–50.##Mccusker J, Verdon J. Do geriatric interventions reduce emergency department visits? a systematic review. The Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006; 61(1): 53–62.##Salvi F, Morichi V, Grilli A, Lancioni L, Spazzafumo L, Polonara S, et al. Screening for frailty in elderly emergency department patients by using the identification of seniors at risk (ISAR). The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2012 Apr; 16(4): 313-8.##Moons P, De Ridder K, Geyskens K, Sabbe M, Braes T, Flamaing J, et al. Screening for risk of readmission of patients aged 65 years and above after the discharge from the emergency department: predictive value of four instruments. European Journal of Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2007; 14(6):315–23.##Buurman BM, Van Den Berg W, Korevaar JC, Milisen K, De Haan RJ, De Rooij SE. Risk for poor outcomes in older patients discharged from an emergency department: feasibility of four screening instruments. European Journal of Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2011; 18(4): 215–20.##Salvi F, Morichi V, Grilli A, Spazzafumo L, Giorgi R, Polonara S, et al. Predictive validity of the Identification of Seniors At Risk (ISAR) screening tool in elderly patients presenting to two Italian emergency departments. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2009; 21(1): 69-75.##Mohammadi M, Ghanbari Moghaddam A, Pourrahimi A, Mohammadzadeh M, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F , (2017), “psychometric properties of the farsi version of isar used in iranian emergency centers” Pharmacophore, 8(6S). ##Samaras N, Chevalley T, Samaras D, Gold G. Older patients in the emergency department: a review. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2010; 56(3): 261-9.##McCusker J, Jacobs P, Dendukuri N, Latimer E, Tousignant P, Verdon J. Cost-effectiveness of a brief 2-stage emergency department intervention for high risk elders: results of a quasirandomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003; 41(1): 45–56##Edmans J, Bradshaw L, Gladman JRF, Franklin M, Berdunov V, Elliott R. The identification of seniors at risk (ISAR) score to predict clinical outcomes and health service costs in older people discharged from UK acute medical units .Age And Ageing 2013; 42(6): 747–53 .##Mahoney FI, Barthel D. 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The Effect of Lower Limb Resistance Exercise with Elastic Band on Balance, Walking Speed, and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women 2 2 Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week resistance exercise program on balance, walking speed, and muscle strength in elderly women. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed on 50 elderly women aged 60-66 years who were assigned to two groups of experimental and control. The Time Up and Go test, was used to measure dynamic balance, Romberg's test was used to measure static balance, and the 10 Meter Walk Test was used to measure walking speed, and the 30 Second Chair Stand test was used to measure muscle strength. Paired t-test and independent t-test was used for comparing balance time before and after the exercise program. Results: The mean duration of static balance increased in the experimental group from 21.64 ± 10.98 before exercise to 28.20 ± 13.47 after exercise (p < 0.001). The mean duration of Up and Go Time decreased from 12.88 ± 1.45 seconds before exercise to 10.80 ± 1.80 seconds after exercise (p < 0.001). Ten-meter walking time in the experimental group decreased from 1.15 ± 0.1 seconds before exercise to 1.00 ± 0.11 seconds after exercise (p < 0.001) and muscle strength in the experimental group increased from 7.8 ± 1 before exercise to 9.56 ± 1.71 after exercise (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Lower limb resistance exercises with elastic band improve static and dynamic balance and also walking speed, which possibly improve muscle strength. It is recommended that these exercises be considered in developing the elderly women's health care programs due to their accessibility, affordability, and reliability. 58 64 2019/05/152019/01/192019/01/162019/01/32018/11/212019/01/122019/01/132018/04/102018/10/252018/07/22 1397/4/31 2019/06/272019/05/142019/04/102019/05/62019/05/142019/05/112019/05/142018/12/32019/06/262019/04/29 1398/2/9 Mohammad Reza Vafaeenasab Mohammad Reza Vafaeenasab Aging Health Department, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mohammad ali Morowatisharifabad‏@yahoo.com Najme Kuchakinejad Meybodi Najme Kuchakinejad Meybodi Aging Health Department, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran najmakochaki@gmail.com Hamid Reza fallah Hamid Reza fallah Physical Education Department, Faculty of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran hamidreza fallah@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran morowatisharif@yahoo.com Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health. 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