The Role of Errors based on the Complexity in Learning a Motor Sequential Task in Elderly Women

askarinejad, faeghe; samadi, hossein; ayatizade tafti, farahnaz

doi:10.18502/ehj.v9i1.13106

Volume 9, Issue 1 (June 2023) Elderly Health Journal 2023, 9(1): 23-30 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.18502/ehj.v9i1.13106

‎ 20.1001.1.24236179.2023.9.1.5.4

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

askarinejad F, samadi H, ayatizade tafti F. The Role of Errors based on the Complexity in Learning a Motor Sequential Task in Elderly Women. Elderly Health Journal 2023; 9 (1) :23-30
URL: http://ehj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html

The Role of Errors based on the Complexity in Learning a Motor Sequential Task in Elderly Women

Faeghe Askarinejad

, Hossein Samadi ^*

, Farahnaz Ayatizade tafti

Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran , samadih@yazd.ac.ir

Abstract: (340 Views)

Introduction: One of the most important topics in the field of movement behavior is the acquisition of movement sequences, which is an important part of every person's life and the basis of many intelligent human behaviors. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of errorfull and errorless training based on complexity in the acquisition, retention and transfer of a motor sequential task in elderly women with emphasis on processing needs.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy elderly women over 60 years of age that were selected and randomly allocated into errorless and errorful groups. Then, they performed a sequence motor task assigned by the Serial Reaction Time Task software in the three phases of acquisition, retention, and transfer. In order to analyze the data, ANOVA with repeated measures, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test and the independent samples t-test were conducted.
Results: A significant improvement was seen in the reaction time and the number of errors in both groups (p < 0.05). Also, the errorless group recorded a shorter reaction time than the errorful group in the acquisition, retention and transfer tests. However, the errorful group made fewer errors in the retention and transfer tests than the errorless group.
Conclusion: Errorfull and errorless training are effective on reaction time and amount of errors in the retention and transfer stages of a motor sequential task in elderly women. However, It is suggested that trainers use errorfull training methods in motor sequential tasks in order to reduce the error rate and provide a more optimal learning environment.

Keywords: Error, Complexity, Motor Sequential Task, Processing Load, Aged

Full-Text [PDF 419 kb] (198 Downloads) | | Full-Text (HTML) (112 Views)

Type of Study: Research | Subject: General
Received: 2023/05/12 | Accepted: 2023/06/12 | Published: 2023/06/20

References

1. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003; 14(2): 125-30.

2. Lee H, Lee JA, Brar J, Rush EB, Jolley CJ. Physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2014; 35(1): 37-41.

3. Toutak M, Abedanzadeh R, Saemi E. The effect of brain gym exercises on sustain attention in male older adults. Aging Psychology. 2018; 4(2): 93-103. [Persian]

4. Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: The ageing and development report. 1st ed. Routledge; 2017. p. 3-21.

5. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott M. Attentional demands and postural control: the effect of sensory context. The Journals of Gerontology. 2000; 55(1): 10-6.

6. Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. JAMA patient page. Dementia. JAMA. 2010; 303(15): 2330.

7. Anderson LA, McConnell SR. Cognitive health: an emerging public health issue. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2007; 3(2): 70-3.

8. Dennis NA, Cabeza R. Age-related dedifferentiation of learning systems: an fMRI study of implicit and explicit learning. Neurobiology of Aging. 2011; 32(12): 17-. 30.

9. Lin CHJ, Chiang MC, Wu AD, Iacoboni M, Udompholkul P, Yazdanshenas O, et al. Age-related differences in the neural substrates of motor sequence learning after interleaved and repetitive practice. Neuroimage. 2012; 62(3): 2007-20.

10. King BR, Fogel SM, Albouy G, Doyon J. Neural correlates of the age-related changes in motor sequence learning and motor adaptation in older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013; 7: 142.

11. Ashe J, Lungu OV, Basford AT, Lu X. Cortical control of motor sequences. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2006; 16(2): 213-21.

12. Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention. Experimental Brain Research. 2005; 161(4): 423-31.

13. Shea CH, Park JH, Wilde Braden H. Age-related effects in sequential motor learning. Physical Therapy. 2006; 86(4): 478-88.

14. Fraser SA, Li KZ, Penhune VB. A comparison of motor skill learning and retention in younger and older adults. Experimental Brain Research. 2009; 195: 419-27.

15. Groom MJ, Jackson GM, Calton TG, Andrews HK, Bates AT, Liddle PF, et al. Cognitive deficits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: a comparison with ADHD. Schizophrenia Research. 2008; 99(1-3): 85-95.

16. Bo J, Borza V, Seidler R. Age-related declines in visuospatial working memory correlate with deficits in explicit motor sequence learning. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009; 102(5): 2744-54.

17. Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review. 1975; 82(4): 225-60.

18. Savion-Lemieux T, Penhune VB. The effect of practice pattern on the acquisition, consolidation, and transfer of visual-motor sequences. Experimental Brain Research. 2010; 204(2): 271-81.

19. Beik M, Taheri H, Saberi Kakhki A, Ghoshuni M. Algorithm-based practice schedule and task similarity enhance motor learning in older adults. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2021; 53(4): 458-70.

20. Lee TD, Eliasz KL, Gonzalez D, Alguire K, Ding K, Dhaliwal C. On the role of error in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2016; 48(2): 99-115.

21. Sanli EA, Patterson JT, Bray SR, Lee TD. Understanding self-controlled motor learning protocols through the self-determination theory. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013; 3: 1-17.

22. Maxwell JP, Masters RS, Kerr E, Weedon E. The implicit benefit of learning without errors. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2001; 54(4): 1049-68.

23. Adams JA. A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1971; 3(2): 111-50.

24. Masters RS, Maxwell JP. Implicit motor learning, reinvestment and movement disruption: What you don’t know won’t hurt you. In: Skill acquisition in sport: research, theory & practice. London: Routledge; 2004. P. 207-28.

25. Masters R, Maxwell J. The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 1(2): 160-83.

26. van Ginneken WF, Poolton JM, Capio CM, van der Kamp J, Choi CS, Masters RS. Conscious control is associated with freezing of mechanical degrees of freedom during motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2018; 50(4): 436-56.

27. Sanli EA, Lee TD. What roles do errors serve in motor skill learning? An examination of two theoretical predictions. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2014; 46(5): 329-37.

28. Lee TD. Contextual interference: Generalizability and limitations. In: Skill Acquisition in Sport. 1st ed. Routledge; 2012. p. 105-119.

29. Guadagnoli MA, Lee TD. Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2004; 36(2): 212-24.

30. Vieweg J, Leinen P, Verwey WB, Shea CH, Panzer S. The cognitive status of older adults: Do reduced time constraints enhance sequence learning? Journal of Motor Behavior. 2020; 52(5): 558-69.

31. Willms S, Abel M, Karni A, Gal C, Doyon J, King BR, et al. Motor sequence learning in patients with ideomotor apraxia: Effects of long-term training. Neuropsychologia. 2021; 159: 107921.

32. Niermeyer MA, Suchy Y, Ziemnik RE. Motor sequencing in older adulthood: Relationships with executive functioning and effects of complexity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2017; 31(3): 598-618.

33. Malekooti SK, Mirabzadeh A, Fathollahi P, Salavati M, Kahali S, Afkham Ebrahimi A, et al. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GHQ-28 in Iranian elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2006; 1(1): 11-21. [Persian].

34. Seyedian M, Fallah M, Nourouzian M, Nejat S, Delavar A, Ghasemzadeh H, et al. Validity of the Farsi version of mini-mental state examination. Journal of Medical Council of Iran. 2008; 25(4):408-14. [Persian].

35. Elwood RW. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: psychometric characteristics and clinical application. Neuropsychology Review. 1991; 2(2): 179-201.

36. Alipour A, Aghah Harris M. Reliability and validity of the edinburgh handedness inventory questionnaire in Iran. Journal of Psychological Science. 2008; 6(22): 117-33. [Persian]

37. Nissen MJ, Bullemer P. Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology. 1987; 19(1): 1-32.

38. Robertson EM, Pascual-Leone A, Press DZ. Awareness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep. Current Biology. 2004; 14(3): 208-12.

39. Levac D, Driscoll K, Galvez J, Mercado K, O'Neil L. OPTIMAL practice conditions enhance the benefits of gradually increasing error opportunities on retention of a stepping sequence task. Human Movement Science. 2017; 56 (Pt B): 129-38.

40. Scheper I, de Bruijn ER, Bertens D, Kessels RP, Brazil IA. The impact of error frequency on errorless and errorful learning of object locations using a novel paradigm. Memory. 2019; 27(10): 1371-80.

41. Roediger HL, Karpicke JD. The power of testing memory: basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2006; 1(3): 181-210.

42. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 5th ed. Human Kinetics; 2018.

43. Barnhoorn JS, Panzer S, Godde B, Verwey WB. Training motor sequences: effects of speed and accuracy instructions. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2019; 51(5): 540-50.